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51 pictures and 124 papers on the granulocyte: the pictures by method, the papers by section. A picture opens large on a click and goes to its paper on a second. Every PMID granulo.site cites (364) is checked against PubMed for retractions at each build: none found.

Electron microscopy 23

Scanning electron micrograph of a human neutrophil (blue) engulfing MRSA bacteria (yellow). The cell extends pseudopods around the bacteria in a classic phagocytic embrace.

National Institutes of Health (NIH) · Public domain

Scanning electron micrograph of a neutrophil (orange-brown) with MRSA bacteria (purple). A second image from the NIH SEM series on neutrophil-pathogen interaction.

National Institutes of Health (NIH) · Public domain

Scanning electron micrograph of a neutrophil (orange) engaging a Bacillus anthracis chain (green). Taken by Volker Brinkmann, the scientist who discovered neutrophil extracellular traps.

Volker Brinkmann, Wikimedia Commons. PMID: 15001782. · CC BY 2.5

Scanning electron micrograph of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs): fine fibres of decondensed chromatin with embedded granule proteins enmeshing Staphylococcus aureus.

Urban CF et al. 2009, PLoS Pathogens, Wikimedia Commons. PMID: 19876394. · CC BY 2.5

Transmission electron micrograph of a human neutrophil showing the multilobed nucleus and electron-dense azurophilic granules in the cytoplasm.

Serwas, Huemer, Dieckmann et al 2018, Frontiers in Immunology. PMID: 29651288. · CC BY

Immunoelectron micrograph of a neutrophil granule showing immunogold labeling of specific granule contents. Granule populations are distinguished by their electron density and marker proteins.

Serwas, Huemer, Dieckmann et al 2018, Frontiers in Immunology. PMID: 29651288. · CC BY

Transmission electron micrograph of a human eosinophil showing granules with their characteristic crystalloid core (major basic protein) surrounded by a less-dense matrix.

Neves, Palazzi, Malta et al 2024, Journal of Leukocyte Biology. PMID: 38527801. · CC BY 4.0

Transmission electron micrograph showing eosinophil cytolytic degranulation: free extracellular granules with intact crystalloid cores, released by cell lysis rather than classical exocytosis.

Caruso, Caruso, Rigoli et al 2025, Cancers. PMID: 41097776. · CC BY 4.0

Transmission electron micrograph of an eosinophil showing ultrastructural signs of early ETosis, including a slightly irregular nuclear profile and altered granule distribution.

Caruso M et al. Cancers. 2025;17(19):3250. PMID: 41097776.

Transmission electron micrograph illustrating an advanced stage of eosinophil ETosis. Extracellular DNA traps appear as decondensed chromatin fibers decorated with granule proteins extending from the cell.

Caruso M et al. Cancers. 2025;17(19):3250. PMID: 41097776.

Extracellular sombrero vesicles associate with FEGs in inflamed tissues. (A-D) Representative electron micrographs showing intact extracellular EoSVs (arrowheads) around or in contact with FEGs in different inflamed tissues of eosinophilic diseases.

Neves, Palazzi, Malta et al 2024, Journal of Leukocyte Biology. PMID: 38527801. · CC BY 4.0

Tissue eosinophils undergoing ETosis in inflammatory sites, in proximity of intact eosinophils. Electron micrographs of biopsy samples from patients with eosinophil-associated diseases, showing EETosis (eosinophil extracellular trap cell death) in tissue.

Neves VH et al. Front Immunol. 2022;13:938691. PMID: 35874692. · CC BY 4.0

Early ultrastructural signs of eosinophil ETosis (EETosis): a representative intact eosinophil with bilobed nucleus (N), specific granules (SG) with preserved crystalloid core (CC), and early ETosis showing irregular nuclear profile and altered granule distribution.

Neves VH et al. Front Immunol. 2022;13:938691. PMID: 35874692. · CC BY 4.0

Structural analysis of differentiated PLB-985 and human neutrophil NETs. SEM images of PLB-985 NETs ( a ) and human NETs ( b ). Scale bars are 2 um. Red circle: spherical particles, either individually or in a series (n >= 3). SEM analysis of NET fibre diameter (( c ), n >= 514) and the diameter of spherical particles in PLB samples (( d ), n = 261). Error bars represent mean +/-SD. **** p < 0.0001. ( c ) The statistical analysis results were obtained using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test. Experiments were performed independently at least three times using separate cell preparations.

Shi, McPherson, Feller et al 2026, Cells · CC BY 4.0

Ultrastructural images of human eosinophils showing non-ETotic cytolysis and early extracellular trap cell death (ETosis). A) A non-ETotic cytolytic eosinophil (E) in patient 1 exhibits a localized expansion of the nuclear envelope (curved arrow), moderately decondensed chromatin, and free extracellular granules (FEGs) (arrows); B) the early ETotic eosinophil (E) in patient 4 shows a notable dilatation of the perinuclear space (arrow), extensively decondensed chromatin, and FEGs (curved arrow)

Caruso, Caruso, Rigoli et al 2025, Exploration of Targeted Anti-tumor Therapy · CC BY 4.0

Giardia intestinalis trophozoites trigger PMN activation, NET formation and phagocytosis in human PMN. (A) PMN-parasite interactions were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Activated PMN (rough surface) as well as PMN releasing NETs (white arrows) and non-activated PMN (white arrowhead) can be observed in PMN-trophozoite-co-cultures. (B, C) Note released NETs (white arrows) and trophozoites exposing their dorsal surface. (D) Attempt of phagocytosis of G. intestinalis trophozoite from a single PMN (white asterisk). The ventral adhesion disc and multiple flagella of a single G. intestinalis trophozoite can be observed.

Salinas-Varas, Bezerra, Rojas-Baron et al 2026, Frontiers in Immunology · CC BY 4.0

4beta-PMA induces membrane ruffling and macropinocytosis in primary human neutrophils. (A) Representative flow cytometry gating strategy confirming isolation of a homogeneous CD66b+, Siglec-8- neutrophil population from healthy donors prior to functional assays. (B) Primary human neutrophils adhered to human aortic endothelial cell (HAEC) monolayers were treated with vehicle, 4beta-PMA (1 uM, 60 min), or 4beta-PMA and EIPA (25 uM, 30 min pretreatment), followed by visualization of membrane ruffle formation using scanning electron microscopy. The upper and lower panels in each column show representative images from independent fields acquired under the indicated experimental condition. Green arrows indicate membrane ruffles reflecting active cytoskeletal remodeling, whereas red arrows indicate cup-shaped macropinocytic structures representing nascent macropinosome formation. Scale bars, 2 um. (C) Quantification of membrane ruffling per cell under indicated conditions (n = 3). (D) Primary human neutrophils were incubated with FITC-dextran (70 kDa, 100 ug/mL) and stimulated with vehicle, 4beta-PMA, or 4beta-PMA and EIPA (n = 8). Dextran internalization was quantified by flow cytometry and expressed as fold change in mean fluorescence intensity (MFI). Representative histograms are shown. (E) Primary human neutrophils were treated with vehicle or 4beta-PMA in the presence or absence of cytochalasin D (2 uM, 30 min), followed by assessment of FITC-dextran uptake by flow cytometry (n = 5). Data are presented as means +/- SEM. Statistical significance was determined using one-way ANOVA with Tukey's multiple-comparisons test. ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001; **** p < 0.0001.

Addo, Babay, Sreekumar et al 2026, Antioxidants · CC BY 4.0

Tpsb2-CreERT2 enables efficient and specific labeling of mast cells, revealing their meningeal distribution. A) Minimal intensity projection of dural meninges stained with toluidine blue from mice at different developmental stages. n = 2-5 (mice). B) Quantification of (A). C) Targeting strategy of Tpsb2-CreERT2 mice. D) Representative contour plot of meningeal CD45+CD11b-CD3e-CD19- cells from Tpsb2-CreERT2; Ai14fl/+ mice. n = 3-4 (mice). E) Quantification of labeled immune cell subset in the meninges. n = 3-4 (mice). F) The percentage of mast cells in different tissues. n = 2-11 (mice). G) The number of meningeal mast cells from Tpsb2-CreERT2; Ai14fl/+ mice. n = 5-7 (mice). L) Maximal intensity projection of dural meninges stained for granule (green), mast cell (red, white), and nuclei (blue) from Tpsb2-CreERT2; Ai14fl/+ mice. n = 6 (mice). O) Maximal intensity projection of dural meninges stained for mast cells (red) and blood vessels (green) from Tpsb2-CreERT2; Ai14fl/+ mice. n = 3 (mice). Scale bar for all images, 2000 um (whole mount), 200 um (partial region). Data are presented as mean +/- SEM.

Li, Chen, Sun et al 2025, Advanced Science · CC BY 4.0

MG induces NET formation and immune activation in neutrophils. For NET visualization, neutrophils were pretreated with ATA (25 uM) before MG stimulation to inhibit MG-associated nuclease activity. (A) Representative Sytox Green staining of neutrophils stimulated with MG (80 MOI) (n = 3). Red arrows indicate NETs. (B) Representative scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of NETs in MG-stimulated neutrophils (n = 3). Red arrows indicate NETs. (C) Representative confocal images of NETs induced by MG in neutrophils. Red arrows indicate NETs (n = 3). (D to F and K) Representative immunofluorescence images and quantification of neutrophil elastase (NE), citrullinated histone H3 (CitH3), and PAD3 fluorescence intensity in neutrophils after MG stimulation (n = 3). Red arrows in (D) and (E) indicate NETs; red arrows in (F) indicate nuclear translocation of PAD3. White dashed lines indicate enlarged regions. (G and J) Immunoblot analysis and quantification of CitH3, NE, and PAD3 protein levels (n = 6) in neutrophils after MG challenge. (H and I) Intracellular Ca 2+ fluorescence intensity and representative flow cytometry plots in neutrophils after MG stimulation (n = 3). (L) dsDNA levels in culture supernatants after micrococcal nuclease digestion (n = 6). (M) ELISA quantification of inflammatory cytokine levels in neutrophils from the indicated groups (n = 6). (N-O) Intracellular ROS fluorescence intensity and representative flow cytometry plots in neutrophils after MG stimulation (n = 3). Data are presented as means +/- SD from at least three independent experiments.

Wang, Liu, Gu et al 2026, Redox Biology · CC BY 4.0

MG induces NET formation and immune activation in neutrophils. For NET visualization, neutrophils were pretreated with ATA (25 uM) before MG stimulation to inhibit MG-associated nuclease activity. (A) Representative Sytox Green staining of neutrophils stimulated with MG (80 MOI) (n = 3). Red arrows indicate NETs. (B) Representative scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of NETs in MG-stimulated neutrophils (n = 3). Red arrows indicate NETs. (C) Representative confocal images of NETs induced by MG in neutrophils. Red arrows indicate NETs (n = 3). (D to F and K) Representative immunofluorescence images and quantification of neutrophil elastase (NE), citrullinated histone H3 (CitH3), and PAD3 fluorescence intensity in neutrophils after MG stimulation (n = 3). Red arrows in (D) and (E) indicate NETs; red arrows in (F) indicate nuclear translocation of PAD3. White dashed lines indicate enlarged regions. (G and J) Immunoblot analysis and quantification of CitH3, NE, and PAD3 protein levels (n = 6) in neutrophils after MG challenge. (H and I) Intracellular Ca2+ fluorescence intensity and representative flow cytometry plots in neutrophils after MG stimulation (n = 3). (L) dsDNA levels in culture supernatants after micrococcal nuclease digestion (n = 6). (M) ELISA quantification of inflammatory cytokine levels in neutrophils from the indicated groups (n = 6). (N-O) Intracellular ROS fluorescence intensity and representative flow cytometry plots in neutrophils after MG stimulation (n = 3). Data are presented as means +/- SD from at least three independent experiments. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among groups (P < 0.05).

Wang, Liu, Gu et al 2026, Redox Biology · CC BY 4.0

Adoptive transfer of rTEM PMNs aggravates pulmonary injury. A,B) Generation of rTEM PMNs in vitro (A) and ICAM1 expression on normal PMNs or rTEM PMNs (B) (n = 3). C-E) MFI of CD11b, CD62L, and CXCR2 expression on normal PMNs or rTEM PMNs (n = 3). F) Schematic showing the administration of rTEM PMNs, intravital imaging and tissue harvest. G) Representative intravital imaging of Ly6G-labeled normal PMNs (red) or rTEM PMNs (red) and pulmonary microcirculation (FITC dextran, green). Quantification of PMN infiltration in lungs 3 h after PMN transfusion (two fields of view per mouse, n = 3). Scale bar, 20 um. H) Representative images of H&E-stained lung sections in mice and lung injury score 12 h after treatment (n = 5). Scale bar, 20 um. I) W/D ratio of lung tissues of mice with indicated intervention after 12 h (n = 5). J-N) qPCR analysis of Tnf-alpha, Il-6, Il-1beta, Kc, and Mip-2 in the lung of mice 12 h after PMN transfusion (n = 6). Statistics: unpaired two-tailed t-test in (A-E; G-N). Data are represented as mean +/- SEM. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, and ****P < 0.0001.

Zi, Wu, Tang et al 2024, Advanced Science · CC BY 4.0

MG induces NET formation and immune activation in neutrophils. For NET visualization, neutrophils were pretreated with ATA (25 uM) before MG stimulation to inhibit MG-associated nuclease activity. (A) Representative Sytox Green staining of neutrophils stimulated with MG (80 MOI) (n = 3). Red arrows indicate NETs. (B) Representative scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of NETs in MG-stimulated neutrophils (n = 3). Red arrows indicate NETs. (C) Representative confocal images of NETs induced by MG in neutrophils. Red arrows indicate NETs (n = 3). (D to F and K) Representative immunofluorescence images and quantification of neutrophil elastase (NE), citrullinated histone H3 (CitH3), and PAD3 fluorescence intensity in neutrophils after MG stimulation (n = 3). Red arrows in (D) and (E) indicate NETs; red arrows in (F) indicate nuclear translocation of PAD3. White dashed lines indicate enlarged regions. (G and J) Immunoblot analysis and quantification of CitH3, NE, and PAD3 protein levels (n = 6) in neutrophils after MG challenge. (H and I) Intracellular Ca2+ fluorescence intensity and representative flow cytometry plots in neutrophils after MG stimulation (n = 3). (L) dsDNA levels in culture supernatants after micrococcal nuclease digestion (n = 6). (M) ELISA quantification of inflammatory cytokine levels in neutrophils from the indicated groups (n = 6). (N-O) Intracellular ROS fluorescence intensity and representative flow cytometry plots in neutrophils after MG stimulation (n = 3). Data are presented as means +/- SD from at least three independent experiments. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among groups (P < 0.05).

Wang, Liu, Gu et al 2026, Redox Biology · CC BY 4.0

RAD51 cross-links NET chromatin to maintain NET stability. (A) Transmission electron microscopy of NETs formed by human neutrophils isolated from the blood and stimulated with PMA for 4 hrs. (B) Single z-plane micrographs obtained by confocal fluorescence microscopy of human neutrophils activated with PMA at different stages of NETosis, stained for RAD51 (magenta), NE (yellow), MPO (cyan), and DNA (DAPI, blue). Arrows depict RAD51 translocated to the nucleus alongside NE. (C) Quantification of the fraction of RAD51 colocalizing with chromatin (DAPI) in individual human blood neutrophils at 90 min (N=6) and 150 min (N=5) post-PMA stimulation. (D) Electron microscopy of NET chromatin formed by human neutrophils stimulated with PMA in the presence of vehicle (DMSO) or RI-1. (E) Quantification of NET density in multiple electron micrographs as shown in (D). (G) Timelapse microscopy of degradation of NETs formed by human blood neutrophils in 3% human plasma treated with vehicle (DMSO) or RI-1. NETs were stained with Sytox Green and tracked every 5 min for 180 min post-NET formation. Scale bar: 50 um.

Tsansizi, Guan, Aramburu et al 2026, Science (New York, N.Y.) · CC BY 4.0

Immunostaining and fluorescence 14

Neutrophil rolling on endothelium in a postcapillary venule, intravital fluorescence imaging.

Amini, Schemmelmann, Heming et al 2025, JCI Insight. PMID: 40493407. · CC BY 4.0

Immunofluorescence of NETs: neutrophils (blue DAPI nuclei) releasing decondensed chromatin co-stained with MPO (red) and citrullinated histone H3 (green).

Singh, Zlatar, Munoz-Becerra et al 2024, Cell Communication and Signaling. PMID: 39252008. · CC BY 4.0

High-resolution confocal microscopy of neutrophils showing mitochondrial morphology differences in malaria-elicited versus sepsis-elicited neutrophils. Mitochondrial dynamics correlate with degranulation capacity.

Zakrzewski P et al. EMBO Mol Med. 2026. PMID: 42204305.

Ca2+ Influx activates PAD-4 and calpain-1 and promote neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation. A shows chromatin externalization from healthy neutrophils (n > 5) treated with PBS unstimulated, 100 ng/ml phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), or 10 μM calcium ionophore A23187 in the presence and the absence of calcium chelator EGTA. Data were analyzed using Tukey's multiple comparisons tests. Note, the calcium-driven NET formation was abrogated by EGTA. B Microscopic analyses of SYTOX Green stained DNA from neutrophils and NETs at 4 h after stimulation. C Microscopic examination of the swelling of isolated nuclei from neutrophils in the presence and/or absence of PAD4, calpain and calcium. D Morphometry of the nuclear sizes from (C). Note that calcium, PAD4, and calpain-1 act synergistically in decondensation/swelling of nuclei. Tukey's multiple comparisons test was used to evaluate the differences among means. The scale bars are 100 and 50 μm in (B) and (C), respectively.

Singh, Zlatar, Munoz-Becerra et al 2024, Cell Communication and Signaling. PMID: 39252008. · CC BY 4.0

CIT-013 blocks EET release when plasma membrane integrity is compromised. (A) Representative immunofluorescence images of a non-stimulated eosinophil or eosinophils triggered for EETosis with 2 uM A23187 in the presence of HiLyteTM Fluor 488-conjugated CIT-013 (HL488-CIT-013). The eosinophils activated for EETosis showed chromatin decondensation and a re-organized rounded nucleus in stage 1 of EETosis, nuclear membrane rupture and chromatin spreading within the cytoplasm in stage 2 of EETosis, and plasma membrane rupture and CIT-013 binding to chromatin in stage 3 of the EETosis pathway. Of note, due to technical limitations we were not able to clearly track one specific eosinophil over time and therefore different eosinophils at each stage of the EETosis pathway are shown. (B) More representative immunofluorescence images of eosinophils triggered for EETosis with A23187 in the presence of HiLyteTM Fluor 488-conjugated CIT-013. (C) Representative immunofluorescence images of eosinophils triggered for EETosis with A23187 in the presence of HiLyteTM Fluor 488-conjugated isotype control antibody (HL488-cIgG). Scale bars are 10 um.

Zwiers, Montizaan, Kip et al 2025, Frontiers in Immunology · CC BY 4.0

EETs rich in citrullination are abundantly present in human ECRS tissue. (A) A representative image of nasal polyp tissue stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). (B) Increased magnification of selected area from A representing H&E stain, DNA (blue), and major basic protein (MBP; red). (C) Immunofluorescence images showing DNA (blue) and citrullinated histone H3 (citH3; red). (D) Immunofluorescence images from the same section as shown in (C) with DNA (blue) and CIT-013 epitope citrullinated histone H2A (citH2A) and citH4 (green). (E) Increased magnification of selected area from (D) representing H&E stain, DNA (blue), and citH2A and citH4 (green). White arrowheads indicate CIT-013 epitope colocalization with diffuse extracellular DNA, while black arrowheads indicate the colocalization of diffused extracellular DNA with the observed presence of eosinophils. Scale bars in A, C and D are 50 um and in B and E are 10 um. SL, Sublining; L, Lining.

Zwiers, Montizaan, Kip et al 2025, Frontiers in Immunology · CC BY 4.0

Tumor-derived LRG1 promotes cancer progression by recruiting neutrophils and driving NETosis. (A, B) Representative IHC images and quantification of CD66b+ neutrophil infiltration density in HM+ versus HM- BCa tissues. (C) Transwell assays evaluating the chemotactic effect of tumor-derived LRG1 on isolated human neutrophils. (D) Representative macroscopic images and endpoint tumor weights demonstrating the neutrophil-dependent tumor-promoting effect of LRG1 in vivo, which is effectively rescued by anti-Ly6G antibody depletion. (E) UMAP plot demonstrating the reclustering and annotation of distinct neutrophil subpopulations based on subcluster-specific marker genes from the scRNA-seq cohort. (F) Gene set enrichment scoring of the KEGG NETs pathway across neutrophil subpopulations, highlighting significant enrichment in the NCF2_neu subset. (G) Comparative analysis of the relative proportion of the NCF2_neu subpopulation between normal and BCa tumor tissues. (H) GSVA correlation analysis between the LRG1_tumor meta-program and NCF2_neu infiltration abundance across three independent bulk RNA-seq datasets. (I) ELISA quantification of serum NETs markers (cfDNA, MPO, NE) and their correlation with LRG1 levels. (J) Immunofluorescence staining for MPO and H3Cit in neutrophils directly stimulated with rh-LRG1 or PMA. (K) Representative macroscopic images and endpoint tumor weights demonstrating the rescue of LRG1-induced tumor progression by DNase I treatment in vivo.

Chen, Zhang, Xue et al 2026, Advanced Science · CC BY 4.0

CitH3 stage-dependently forms extended larger patches in advanced appendicitis. (A) Representative immunofluorescence image demonstrates CitH3 (green) in spatial association with extracellular DNA (propidium iodide; red) in inflamed appendiceal tissue. Insets show magnified views of the boxed regions and highlight nuclear [N] and extracellular DNA [E]. Scale bar: 100 um. (B) Quantification of CitH3 across catarrhal (Cat, n = 9), phlegmonous (Phl, n = 21), gangrenous (Gan, n = 11), and perforated/abscess appendicitis (P/A, n = 19). (C) Representative images of entire wall of vermiform appendix illustrating size-based segmentation of CitH3-positive patches in catarrhal (Cat) and gangrenous (Gan) appendicitis. Scale bar: 1 cm. (D) Quantification of CitH3 patches stratified by patch size. (E) Representative images of entire wall of vermiform appendix illustrating size-based segmentation of MPO-positive patches in catarrhal (Cat) and gangrenous (Gan) appendicitis. Scale bar: 1 cm. (F) Quantification of MPO across catarrhal (Cat, n = 9), phlegmonous (Phl, n = 21), gangrenous (Gan, n = 11), and perforated/abscess appendicitis (P/A, n = 19). (G) Quantification of MPO patches stratified by patch size.

Pachmann, Szep, Meyer zu Himmern et al 2026, Cells · CC BY 4.0

ZQG attenuates PMA-induced NETosis and inflammatory responses in human neutrophils via targeting the Nox4/ROS pathway. (A) ZQG suppresses oxidative burst and NET formation. Representative immunofluorescence images showing intracellular ROS (stained by DHE, red) and NETosis (marked by CitH3, green). Nuclei are counterstained with DAPI (blue). Scale bars: 20 um. (B) Quantitative analysis of intracellular ROS levels. (C) Quantification of NETosis, expressed as the percentage of Sytox Green+ cells. (D) Western blot analysis demonstrating the effects of ZQG and si-Nox4 on the protein expression of Nox4, p-Akt, and PADI4. (E) Densitometric quantification of Western blot results. (F) qPCR analysis of Nox4, PI3K, Akt, and PADI4 mRNA expression. (G) ELISA analysis of pro-inflammatory cytokine levels (IL-2, IL-5, IL-6, IL-12, TNF-alpha) in cell culture supernatants. Data are presented as mean ± SEM (n=10 independent experiments).

Fang, Deng, Li et al 2026, Frontiers in Immunology · CC BY 4.0

NETs formation in macrophage-neutrophil co-cultures is modulated by macrophage polarization state and environment. (A) Representative immunofluorescence images of M1 and M2 co-cultures; DAPI (blue), neutrophils (green), MPO (red), CD206 (grey). Scale bar, 50 um. (B) Kinetic NE activity in concurrently polarized and pre-polarized co-cultures. Mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) over time after IFN-gamma/LPS or IL-4/IL-13 stimulation, +/- neutrophils. (C) Representative live-cell imaging images of concurrently polarized M1/M2 macrophage co-culture. Neutrophils (red), cell-free DNA (green), Scale bar, 20 um at t0, t4 and t14 (h). Leica Mica, 20x magnification, 14h run, imaging: every 15 min at 37 degrees C, 5% CO2. (D) NETs quantification by flow cytometry (MPO+-Sytox Orange+ events) in M0, M1, and M2 co-cultures. (E) MPO-DNA ELISA. (F) NE-DNA ELISA. (G) Quantification of H3cit+ MPO+ Sytox Orange+ events in concurrently polarized (CP) and pre-polarized (PP) M0, M1, and M2 macrophage-neutrophil co-cultures by flow cytometry. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001 (Mann-Whitney U test for comparisons between two groups and a Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn's multiple comparisons test for comparisons of more than two groups). (A, B, E-G) n = 5 independent donors, (C) n = 1 donor, (D) n = 10 independent donors.

Blum, Jager, Jones et al 2026, Frontiers in Immunology · CC BY 4.0

HMGB1+ EVs induce neutrophil activation through a RAGE-dependent pathway. Purified human neutrophils were either challenged with platelet-derived HMGB1+ EVs from the plasma of SSc patients (SSc HMGB1+ plt EVs), left untreated, or stimulated with the RAGE agonist glycated albumin, recombinant HMGB1, or HMGB1+ EVs from activated platelets (HMGB1+ plt EVs). Neutrophil activation was assessed by evaluating: membrane-bound MPO (mMPO, A ) (SSc EVs n = 14; untreated n = 12; glycated albumin n = 5; HMGB1 n = 6; HMGB1+ EVs n = 8); expression of the activation marker TIE2 ( B ) (SSc EVs n = 8; untreated n = 8; glycated albumin n = 7; HMGB1 n = 7; HMGB1+ EVs n = 7); extent of autophagy measured by Cyto-ID dye accumulation ( C ) (SSc EVs n = 14; untreated n = 11; glycated albumin n = 7; HMGB1 n = 7; HMGB1+ EVs n = 14); and NET generation quantified as MPO-DNA complexes in the supernatant ( D ) (SSc EVs n = 17; untreated n = 10; glycated albumin n = 5; HMGB1 n = 11; HMGB1+ EVs n = 5). E Neutrophils were either left untreated (top panel) or exposed to platelet-derived HMGB1+ EVs in the absence (middle panel) or presence (bottom panel) of a monoclonal antibody blocking RAGE. Cells were analyzed by confocal microscopy for autophagy (Cyto-ID dye, green), TIE2 (Alexa 647, blue), and citrullinated histone H4 (Alexa 546, red). DNA was counterstained with Hoechst (white).

Maugeri, Ramirez, Capobianco et al 2026, Cell Death & Disease · CC BY 4.0

Intravital microscopy of postcapillary venules in the murine cremaster muscle 2 hours after intrascrotal TNF injection. Panels show neutrophil rolling velocities, slow-rolling flux, arrest and adhesion. Neutrophils (green, anti-Ly6G labeled) are visualized rolling and arresting along the endothelium. This captures the early steps of neutrophil extravasation: selectin-mediated rolling, followed by integrin-mediated arrest and firm adhesion. Mus musculus model.

Amini W 2025, JCI insight · CC BY 4.0

Chromatin externalization from neutrophils during NETosis (neutrophil extracellular trap formation). Immunofluorescence staining of human neutrophils stimulated with PMA showing: citrullinated histone H3 (Cit-H3, PAD4-mediated marker), MPO (myeloperoxidase, azurophilic granule marker), and DNA (Sytox Green/DAPI). NETs are visible as extracellular web-like structures. Unstimulated controls (PBS) show the typical multi-lobed nucleus morphology of mature neutrophils.

Singh J 2024, Cell communication and signaling : CCS · CC BY 4.0

Immunofluorescence staining of human neutrophils for DNA (DAPI, red) and nesprin-1 (green), a nuclear envelope spectrin repeat protein. The characteristic polymorphonuclear (segmented, multi-lobed) nucleus of human neutrophils is visible. Serial time points after PMA stimulation show progressive nuclear envelope rupture during NET formation. Resting neutrophils (0 min) show intact multi-lobed nuclei.

Singh J 2024, Cell communication and signaling : CCS · CC BY 4.0

Stained sections and smears 7

Neutrophil in a peripheral blood smear, Wright stain. The multilobed nucleus and pale cytoplasm are characteristic of the circulating PMN.

Bob Blaylock, Wikimedia Commons · CC BY-SA 3.0

Neutrophil in a peripheral blood smear showing the characteristic segmented nucleus with 3 to 5 lobes.

Dr. Roshan Nasimudeen, Wikimedia Commons · CC BY-SA 3.0

Eosinophil in a peripheral blood smear, Giemsa stain. The bilobed nucleus and large brick-red granules packed with major basic protein are the defining features.

Bobjgalindo, Wikimedia Commons · CC BY-SA 4.0

Eosinophil among red blood cells, Giemsa stain. The bright orange-red cytoplasmic granules are visible against the pale erythrocytes.

Dr Graham Beards, Wikimedia Commons · CC BY-SA 3.0

Basophil granulocyte in May-Grunwald-Giemsa stained blood smear; note the dark purple-black granules filling the cytoplasm.

Hanna Soerensson (Flickr/Wikimedia Commons), CC BY-SA 2.0. · CC BY-SA 2.0

Eosinophil in a Giemsa-stained peripheral blood smear, showing characteristic bilobed nucleus and pink-orange specific granules.

Dr Graham Beards, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. · CC BY-SA 3.0

Changes of CD63 positive granules of primary neutrophils in different pH. a) Exemplary images of polarization effect (strong staining focused near the nuclei) observed in CD63-GFP stained, PMA induced neutrophils. Scale bar 50 um. b-c) Representative images of CD63 (GFP) and Hoechst 33342 stained neutrophils +/- PMA after 0.5 h (b) and 3 h (c) show polarization effect in alkaline pH (at 0.5 h) and the disappearance of the effect at 3 h. Scalebar: 100 um. d-e) Increased number of relative CD63 polarized neutrophils in alkaline pH +/- PMA. Stimulation of neutrophils with PMA results in reduced CD63-GFP signal intensity (normalized to Hoechst signal) independent of the pH. N=4; n=9; Data are presented as box plots with individual data points. Data were compared by 2-way-ANOVA, followed by multiple comparison, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001, #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01, ###p < 0.001, ####p < 0.0001.

Gobel, Li, Tombaz et al 2026, EXCLI Journal · CC BY 4.0

Light microscopy 2

Band neutrophil (immature neutrophil with unsegmented nucleus) in a peripheral blood smear at 40x magnification.

Bobjgalindo, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. · CC BY-SA 4.0

Basophil surrounded by erythrocytes and platelets in a Wright-stained peripheral blood smear.

Echinaceapallida, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. · CC BY-SA 4.0

Other micrographs 1

Activated eosinophils in idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome. Degranulated cells with vacuolated cytoplasm; some show extracellular granule deposits, a hallmark of cytolytic degranulation.

NIAID, Wikimedia Commons · CC BY 2.0

Figures and diagrams 4

Neutrophil, eosinophil, and basophil side by side, with nuclear shape and granule types labeled.

Granulo / granulo.site · CC0

Neutrophil granule populations: azurophilic, specific, gelatinase, and secretory vesicles, with their contents and the order they are released.

Granulo / granulo.site · CC0

NET formation: activation, oxidant burst, elastase and MPO entering the nucleus, PAD4 histone citrullination, chromatin release, and bacteria trapped.

Granulo / granulo.site · CC0

Medical illustration of a neutrophil showing the multi-lobed nucleus and cytoplasm with granules.

BruceBlaus, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 3.0. · CC BY 3.0

Latest Research 1

Filed by MeSH heading or keyword; each paper says which one matched. The Latest Research page holds the dated feed.

  1. Wang JN, Meng XM. NAT10 promotes keratinocyte-neutrophil crosstalk in atopic dermatitis. Cell Chem Biol. 2026;33:1220-1222. PMID: 42753700. publication type: Comment

Disorders 103

Filed by MeSH heading or keyword; each paper says which one matched. The Disorders page holds the dated feed.

  1. Li Y, Wang H, He W, Fang Y, Jin S, Liu H, et al. Association of Neutrophil Percentage-to-Albumin Ratio (NPAR) With Pathological Features and Long-Term Prognosis in Diabetic Kidney Disease: A Cohort Study. FASEB J. 2026;40:e72253. PMID: 42789323. MeSH: Neutrophils/pathology
  2. Wang Z, Chang M, Shang W, Jia Y, Shan X, Chen X, et al. Neutrophil extracellular traps in cardiovascular disease: Mechanisms and therapeutic implications (Review). Int J Mol Med. 2026;58:323. PMID: 42788363. MeSH: Cardiovascular Diseases/pathology
  3. Chen H, Xu Y, Guan Z, Qiu J, Xu X, Yu S, et al. The single-cell immune atlas of bacterial pneumonia: from inflammatory cell infiltration to treatable cell states. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2026;16:1889185. PMID: 42787680. MeSH: Pneumonia, Bacterial/pathology
  4. Souza JL, Almeida VH, Martins-Cardoso K, Carneiro LDT, Azevedo VRD, Nestal de Moraes G, et al. Neutrophil extracellular traps induce chemoresistance in human breast cancer cells through the PI3K/AKT/NF-κB pathway. Front Immunol. 2026;17:1912140. PMID: 42787218. MeSH: Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
  5. Shi D, Tie C, Pang M, Xu X, Wang Z, Wang H, et al. PD-L1+ neutrophils at the invasive margin drive contact-dependent CD8+ T cell exhaustion in hepatic alveolar echinococcosis. Front Immunol. 2026;17:1917606. PMID: 42787005. MeSH: Echinococcosis, Hepatic/pathology
  6. Jacobs I, Ceulemans M, Lenfant M, Cremer J, De Hertogh G, Ferrante M, et al. Distinct intestinal eosinophil subsets in ulcerative colitis and their modulation by advanced inflammatory bowel disease therapies. J Crohns Colitis. 2026;20:jjag141. PMID: 42786564. MeSH: Colitis, Ulcerative/pathology
  7. Zhu B, Li F, Zeng C, Wu Y, Xie X, Zhu D, et al. Association of immune-inflammatory markers with chronic kidney disease in older adults with obesity: a large-scale cross-sectional study. Ren Fail. 2026;48:2727802. PMID: 42785974. MeSH: Inflammation
  8. Prajumwongs P, Titapun A, Thanasukarn V, Jareanrat A, Khuntikeo N, Namwat N, et al. Metabolic and Inflammatory Risk Stratification in Resected Cholangiocarcinoma: A Retrospective Exploratory Analysis. Med Sci (Basel). 2026;14:525. PMID: 42783398. MeSH: Cholangiocarcinoma
  9. Xu S, Guo J, Zhao Z, Zhai Y, Liu Y, Li H. Clinical Value of an LDH-CA125-NLR Panel for Diagnosis, Platinum Resistance, and Prognostic Assessment in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer. Curr Oncol. 2026;33:551. PMID: 42782897. MeSH: Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial
  10. Abulfaraj MW, Farsi AHM. Preoperative Immunonutritional Indices in Colorectal Cancer: The Contribution of Albumin, Time-Dependence of Effect, and Threshold Transportability in a Saudi Cohort. Curr Oncol. 2026;33:496. PMID: 42782843. MeSH: Colorectal Neoplasms
  11. Holtrop T, van der Peet IC, Hendriks IST, Kardol-Hoefnagel T, Schol RB, Lustig M, et al. Tumor Acidosis Boosts Antibody-Driven Cytotoxic Potential of Neutrophils. Cells. 2026;15:1663. PMID: 42782764. MeSH: Neoplasms
  12. Xie C, Jia Y, Kai X, Tang W, Zhang H, Li C, et al. Different Inflammatory Phenotypes and Immune Endotypes Drive Disease Heterogeneity in Asthma and COPD. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2026;69:80. PMID: 42782552. MeSH: Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive
  13. Thu Doan T, Khanh Thi Nguyen L, Minh Nong V, Phuong Thi Ngo N, Van Do T, Xuan Dao C, et al. Human Neuroangiostrongyliasis Caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis in Northern Vietnam: a Clinical-Epidemiological Case Series of Eosinophilic Response and Disease Manifestations. Acta Parasitol. 2026;71:222. PMID: 42782414. MeSH: Strongylida Infections
  14. Chen X, Wang M, Wu B, Jiang W, Yang Q, Tang J, et al. Reciprocal mediation of immuno-inflammation and insulin resistance in the risk of chronic kidney disease among patients with coronary artery disease: insights from neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and triglyceride-glucose index. Front Immunol. 2026;17:1937248. PMID: 42780108. MeSH: Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/etiology
  15. Dhochak N, Robinson PFM, Saglani S. Update on Pediatric asthma management: Recent advances. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2026;37:e70480. PMID: 42779388. keyword: disease management
  16. Gialouri CG, Valakos D, Moustafa S, Koutsianas C, Chalkia A, Petras D, et al. Distinct molecular signature in relapsed patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis. RMD Open. 2026;12:e007063. PMID: 42778335. MeSH: Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis/etiology
  17. Zong F, Wang Y, Hu L, Li L, Zhou D, Zhao J, et al. Dynamic orchestration of structural and immune cells in acute Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia revealed by time-resolved single-cell and spatial transcriptomics. Front Immunol. 2026;17:1874223. PMID: 42774114. MeSH: Pseudomonas Infections
  18. Jiang X, Zhou D, Ma K, Zhang J, Hu H, Xue Z, et al. An interpretable machine learning model integrating early immune biomarkers for predicting outcomes after spinal cord injury. Front Neurol. 2026;17:1855360. PMID: 42774090. keyword: immune-inflammation
  19. Humer B, Eyisoylu H, Berentschot JC, Bek LM, Boly CA, Hellemons ME, et al. A brief report: absence of elevated circulating NETosis markers in long-term long COVID. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2026;16:1920533. PMID: 42774049. MeSH: Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
  20. Akalin B, Erbin A, Yavuz E, Nisli O, Akalin GB, Canat HL. Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index and Neutrophil-to-Platelet Ratio as Predictors of Intensive Care Requirement and Hospital Stay in Acute Obstructive Pyelonephritis Requiring Percutaneous Nephrostomy. Urol J. 2026;23:160-166. PMID: 42773769. MeSH: Acute Disease
  21. Raman S, Rahman S, Polverino F, Adrish M. Updates in COPD Management: From Inflammatory Pathways to Targeted Therapies. Eur J Clin Invest. 2026;56:e70256. PMID: 42773542. MeSH: Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive
  22. Vandooren J. Role of MMPs in neutrophil biology. Enzymes. 2026;60:243-279. PMID: 42772841. MeSH: Inflammation
  23. Zhang H, Huang X, Jayakumar P, Zhang Y, Yang T, Guo X, et al. Integrated single-cell multiomics reveals neutrophil-driven immune-metabolic reprogramming of Kupffer cells via thrombospondin-1/CD36 after surgical stress. JCI Insight. 2026;11:e203495. PMID: 42770305. MeSH: Reperfusion Injury/pathology
  24. Huang X, Zhu Y, Guo Y, Lv T, Gu H, Luo Y, et al. Neutrophils promote endothelial cell activation in pediatric Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia. JCI Insight. 2026;11:e203856. PMID: 42770299. MeSH: Thrombosis/etiology
  25. Zhang X, Dallenga T, Krauss-Etschmann S. Neutrophil extracellular traps in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: pathogenic roles, and therapeutic opportunities. Front Immunol. 2026;17:1919974. PMID: 42770007. MeSH: Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive
  26. Li H, Chen G, Sun L. Neutrophil extracellular traps in antifungal immunity: mechanisms, dual roles, regulatory networks, and clinical perspectives. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2026;16:1908311. PMID: 42769977. MeSH: Invasive Fungal Infections
  27. Choi ED, Voehringer D, Radtke D. From skin to lung: basophil-mediated spread of allergic diseases. Front Immunol. 2026;17:1916940. PMID: 42769719. MeSH: Skin/pathology
  28. Wawrzeńczyk A, Napiórkowska-Baran K, Tykwińska M, Szota M, Bartuzi Z, Sławatycki J, et al. Overlapping type 2, barrier, and remodeling endotypes shape clinical expression in eosinophilic esophagitis. Front Immunol. 2026;17:1948419. PMID: 42769530. MeSH: Eosinophilic Esophagitis/pathology
  29. Kondo S, Owaki K, Hamasaki G, Inukai T, Kinoshita J, Ito T, et al. Gas6/Axl-mediated macrophage hyporesponsiveness drives severe pulmonary mucormycosis in diabetic mice. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2026;16:1939483. PMID: 42769187. MeSH: Mucormycosis/pathology
  30. Wang X, Yang X, Cheng Y, Chen X. Preoperative inflammatory indicators predict postoperative SIRS after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass in older patients. BMC Geriatr. 2026;26:1188. PMID: 42768335. MeSH: Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome
  31. Tolman NJ, Choi W, Coulter R, Snyder ME, Sharma L, Qin S, et al. Candida in the lower respiratory tract induces barrier disruption in mice and predicts poor outcomes in mechanically ventilated humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2026;123:e2608378123. PMID: 42766739. MeSH: Disease Models, Animal
  32. Duarte-Zambrano L, Martínez-Barnetche J, Alvarado-Delgado A, Garza-Ramos U. An overview of innate cellular immune responses against hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae: from evasion strategies to liver abscess formation. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2026;15:2732725. PMID: 42765366. MeSH: Klebsiella Infections
  33. Vanetti M, Visca D, Ardesi F, Taglioretti AM, Zappa M, Pignatti P, et al. Blood eosinophils in COPD: are biologics for everyone? Ther Adv Respir Dis. 2026;20:17534666261471839. PMID: 42760892. MeSH: Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive
  34. Lafarga-Díaz CA, Bedolla-Barajas M, Morales-Romero J, Meza-López C, Nuñez-Nuñez ME, Ramos-Gutiérrez RY, et al. Predictive usefulness of blood eosinophilia for hospital length of stay among children with asthma exacerbation. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2026;54:58-65. PMID: 42760881. MeSH: Disease Progression
  35. ALQahtania DA, Alghamdib OG, Bin-Salahc MA. Bilateral submandibular eosinophilic sialodochitis progressing to chronic obstructive sialadenitis with sialolith: Case report and review of the literature. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2026;54:18-23. PMID: 42760876. MeSH: Sialadenitis/pathology
  36. Zhang X, Duan J. Neutrophil-to-HDL cholesterol ratio and cardiovascular disease coexistence in COPD patients: An NHANES 2007 to 2018 analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2026;105:e50771. PMID: 42760677. MeSH: Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive
  37. Gu C, Chen Y, Huang W, Chai Y, Li X, Li W. Reveal the diagnostic value of a neutrophil inflammation- and cell death-associated gene signature in rheumatoid arthritis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2026;105:e50592. PMID: 42760665. MeSH: Arthritis, Rheumatoid
  38. Onoiu AI, González-Serrano S, Cambra-Cortés V, Jiménez-Franco A, Guilarte C, Peña KB, et al. Hepatic immune microenvironment dynamics in severe obesity and post-bariatric surgery: insights from immunohistochemical analysis. Front Immunol. 2026;17:1816648. PMID: 42756162. MeSH: Liver/pathology
  39. Gucwa D, Such A, Kolaczkowska E. One trigger, two fates: hemolysate shapes neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation in a context-dependent manner. Front Immunol. 2026;17:1917185. PMID: 42755544. keyword: inflammation
  40. Fretes A, Lara B, Calo G, Rojas Campión I, Materazzi L, Sabbione F, et al. Porphyromonas gingivalis outer membrane vesicles induce an activated but permissive neutrophil phenotype. Front Immunol. 2026;17:1896511. PMID: 42755492. MeSH: Bacteroidaceae Infections
  41. Alyamani HA, Nasser AMA, Huang Q, Abdo NM, Pan Y, Nurmamat N, et al. Sequential NIHSS-NLR monitoring after endovascular thrombectomy: malignant cerebral oedema and inflammatory futility in a two-phase derivation study. Front Neurol. 2026;17:1898491. PMID: 42755465. MeSH: Brain Edema/etiology
  42. Wang JN, Meng XM. NAT10 promotes keratinocyte-neutrophil crosstalk in atopic dermatitis. Cell Chem Biol. 2026;33:1220-1222. PMID: 42753700. MeSH: Dermatitis, Atopic/pathology
  43. Hashim U, Cabrera L, Patel R, Salah M, Sadozai Y, Zorriasateyn K, et al. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio is associated with 30-day mortality in acute pulmonary embolism across European Society of Cardiology risk categories. Res Pract Thromb Haemost. 2026;10:106918. PMID: 42751211. MeSH: Acute Disease
  44. Ueda K, Fujimoto M, Shiroishi Y, Ito M, Osawa M, Inaba M. Acute Fulminant Systemic Granulocytic Vasculitis Involving Arteries and Veins in Vacuoles, E1 Enzyme, X-Linked, Autoinflammatory, Somatic (VEXAS) Syndrome: An Autopsy Case Report. Pathol Int. 2026;76:e70180. PMID: 42747349. MeSH: Myelodysplastic Syndromes
  45. Czerwińska J, Frączek A, Owczarczyk-Saczonek A. Neutrophil-associated extracellular DNA pathways in vitiligo: compartment-specific changes following combined fractional CO2 laser and NB-UVB therapy. Front Immunol. 2026;17:1897885. PMID: 42746086. MeSH: Skin/pathology
  46. Minai L, Ogawa Y, Kobayashi Y, Sato T, Nakagomi D, Shimada S, et al. Case Report: Neutrophil extracellular trap formation in palisaded neutrophilic granulomatous dermatitis. Front Immunol. 2026;17:1906446. PMID: 42746072. MeSH: Dermatitis/pathology
  47. Rao Y, Gong Q, Li J, Liu N, Miao H, Huang J, et al. Clinical inflammatory shifts and peripheral flow-cytometry immune modules across benign pulmonary nodules, adenocarcinoma-spectrum nodules, and overt lung cancer. Front Immunol. 2026;17:1920402. PMID: 42745767. MeSH: Lung Neoplasms
  48. Yuan M, He H, Zheng L, Tang Y, Tang S, Duan J, et al. Associations of nine composite inflammatory indices with clinical outcomes after mechanical thrombectomy for acute ischemic stroke: a single-center retrospective study. Front Neurol. 2026;17:1874021. PMID: 42745732. MeSH: Inflammation
  49. Osiecka O, Tyshchenko M, Sinkevich I, Pocałuń N, Cichy J, Kwiecinski JM, et al. Loss of Neutrophils and SLPI Reshapes Early Mucosal Inflammatory Responses During Intranasal Vaccination. Eur J Immunol. 2026;56:e70282. PMID: 42745636. MeSH: Inflammation
  50. Forisch S, Soltani F, Salvat Costa L, M Cardoso B, Moreno Galiano Y, Duval C, et al. MRP8-Cre Transgenic Mice Are Resistant to Weight Gain and Diet-Induced Obesity Independently of Neutrophils. Eur J Immunol. 2026;56:e70271. PMID: 42745633. MeSH: Obesity/etiology
  51. Taşkın SN, Doğantan , Ekici DY. Complete blood count-derived inflammatory parameters in pediatric idiopathic uveitis. BMC Ophthalmol. 2026;26:576. PMID: 42745261. MeSH: Inflammation
  52. Rinta RM, Haider F, Fariduddin M, Arslan MI, Biswas SK. Stage-specific elevation of MPO and NE mRNA expression in diabetic kidney disease and their independent associations with albuminuria. Mol Biol Rep. 2026;53:1574. PMID: 42742850. keyword: Diabetic kidney disease
  53. Brightling CE, Rabe KF, Singh D, Han MK, Bhutani M, Bourbeau J, et al. Efficacy of Biologics in Patients with Moderate to Very Severe COPD: A Systematic Review. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2026;21:603471. PMID: 42741717. MeSH: Disease Progression
  54. Liu Y, Shi P. Source-renewing ectopic ApoB-TRL lipolysis in non-resolving ARDS: a testable spatial hypothesis. Front Immunol. 2026;17:1859209. PMID: 42741604. MeSH: Respiratory Distress Syndrome
  55. Zhang H, Knopf J, Elrod J, Klinke M, Boettcher M, Martel R. DNase1 reverses peribronchial inflammation in murine explants incubated with activated neutrophils. Front Immunol. 2026;17:1883328. PMID: 42741118. keyword: inflammation
  56. Visca D, Ardesi F, Silva DR, Pignatti P, Vanetti M, Zappa M, et al. Bronchial asthma: what is different in patients with and without chronic cough? Respir Res Clin Pract. 2026;52:e20250242. PMID: 42740721. MeSH: Asthma/physiopathology
  57. Pizzichini MMM, Rocha CC, Pizzichini E. Phenotyping moderate asthma earlier by analyzing induced sputum eosinophils, blood eosinophils, and atopy: a cross-sectional comparison with severe asthma. Respir Res Clin Pract. 2026;52:e20240354. PMID: 42740720. MeSH: Asthma/physiopathology
  58. Kwon HJ, Lee S, Park YH, Park S, Jeong SM, Hwang DW, et al. Association of Preoperative Fasting Strategy with Postoperative Inflammatory-Nutritional Trajectories and Clinical Outcomes Following Hepatobiliary Surgery: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Nutrients. 2026;18:2922. PMID: 42739094. MeSH: Postoperative Complications/etiology
  59. Lv Y, Kuang L, Xiao Z, Zhang Y, Omindo WW, Zhan X, et al. Pathophysiological Effects and Targeted Therapy Strategies of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Cells. 2026;15:1618. PMID: 42738911. MeSH: Reperfusion Injury/physiopathology
  60. Bellut M, Strootmann M, Essig F, Stoll G, Vogt ML, Guggenberger K, et al. NLRP3 Marks an Inflammatory Neutrophil-NETosis-Pyroptosis Network in Human Ischemic Stroke Thrombi. Cells. 2026;15:1597. PMID: 42738891. MeSH: Neutrophils/pathology
  61. Rimkunas A, Januskevicius A, Vasyle E, Palacionyte J, Miliauskas S, Malakauskas K. Blood Eosinophil Subtype-Specific Protein Gene Expression and Eosinophil-Derived Serum Mediators in Allergic Asthma Patients After Bronchial Challenge with Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus. Cells. 2026;15:1579. PMID: 42738872. keyword: eosinophilic inflammation
  62. De Windt S, Kourta D, Wyns C. Chemotherapy-Mediated Purging Before Testicular Organoid Generation Significantly Reduces Cancer Cells While Not Significantly Reducing Germ Cells. Int J Mol Sci. 2026;27:7924. PMID: 42737821. MeSH: Testis/pathology
  63. Maskey AR, Kopulos D, Spears M, Wang ZZ, Mo X, Musa I, et al. Berberine Inhibits Eczematous Skin S. aureus-Induced Mast Cell/Basophil Activation and Modulates MAPK-Associated Gene Expression. Int J Mol Sci. 2026;27:7875. PMID: 42737772. keyword: inflammation
  64. Paik ES, Chung YE, Youn S, Lim S, Seo JH, Choi CH, et al. Systemic Immune-Inflammatory Biomarkers in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer: Subgroup-Dependent Prognostic Performance and Integrated Risk Stratification. Int J Mol Sci. 2026;27:7777. PMID: 42737674. MeSH: Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial
  65. Wang L, Zhu Z, Liu Y, Aodeng S, Kang T, Wang W, et al. Baicalein Attenuates Eosinophilic Rhinosinusitis by Suppressing ALOX15-Mediated M2 Macrophage Function. Int J Mol Sci. 2026;27:7651. PMID: 42737549. MeSH: Rhinosinusitis/pathology
  66. Louizakis A, Tatsis D, Antoniou A, Astreidis I, Stergiadou E, Domvri K, et al. Preoperative Inflammatory Blood Indices as Prognostic Markers in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Mol Sci. 2026;27:7638. PMID: 42737539. MeSH: Mouth Neoplasms
  67. Bertolotto G, Uribe P, Rosales B, Sánchez R, Zambrano F. Extracellular Traps at the Crossroads of Immune Evasion and Antimicrobial Resistance: The Case of Escherichia coli in the Reproductive Tract. Int J Mol Sci. 2026;27:7608. PMID: 42737508. MeSH: Escherichia coli Infections
  68. Betáková T, Mladá M, Donátová K, Jakubíková J. Dose-Dependent Alterations in Lung Immune Subpopulations in Influenza a Virus Infection. Int J Mol Sci. 2026;27:7522. PMID: 42737426. MeSH: Lung/pathology
  69. Çağlar SO, Hira S, Çağlar H. Association of inflammatory indices with coronary artery calcium burden in fibromyalgia: A retrospective CT-based cross-sectional study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2026;105:e50656. PMID: 42736803. MeSH: Coronary Artery Disease
  70. Ebrahim MAM, Nasr MAM, Abdel-Latif MMM. Cefoxitin versus cefotaxime as empirical treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in liver cirrhotic patients: randomized controlled clinical trial. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2026;81:dkag318. PMID: 42736171. MeSH: Bacterial Infections
  71. Erdöl MA, Demirtola A, Yayla , Yayla KG, Ertem AG, Akçay AB. Admission neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and target-vessel failure after bifurcation percutaneous coronary intervention in acute coronary syndrome. Cardiovasc J Afr. 2026;37:318-324. PMID: 42735001. MeSH: Acute Coronary Syndrome
  72. Wu CY, McGuinness MB, Makrai E, McMillan P, Kiburg K, Singh S, et al. Temporal Variations in Inflammatory-Related Ocular Surface Parameters: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2026;67:22. PMID: 42734307. MeSH: Inflammation
  73. Tu Y, Ge G, Ge Y. An Elderly Female Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patient Presented with Severe Agranulocytosis as Initial Symptom. Clin Lab. 2026;72:2030-2033. PMID: 42733991. MeSH: Agranulocytosis/etiology
  74. Pessoa Rodrigues C, R Calçada R, Arnaud M, Kaltenbach L, Manser M, Scheidegger A, et al. IFNAR1-dependent metabolic circuit drives pathogenic neutrophil activation in chronic mucosal inflammation. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2026;11:380. PMID: 42733068. MeSH: Neutrophils/pathology
  75. Song J, You K, Ren X, Xie N. Deubiquitinase USP48 Promotes Gastric Cancer Peritoneal Metastasis by Stabilizing S100A9 to Drive Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Formation. FASEB J. 2026;40:e72245. PMID: 42730958. MeSH: Stomach Neoplasms
  76. Thomas SS, Kumar GB, Nair BG, Babu P, Edison LK, Balakrishna Pillai AK, et al. Targeting neutrophil extracellular traps in bacterial infections: mechanistic insights and translational perspectives. Front Immunol. 2026;17:1922248. PMID: 42729760. MeSH: Bacterial Infections
  77. Duan Y, Yu S, Wang X, Wu R, Zhao Y, Kong X, et al. Neutrophil Senescence Induced by Tumor-Derived HMGB1 Promotes Hepatocellular Carcinoma Progression through Neutrophil Extracellular Trap-Mediated Suppression of CD8+ T Cell Immunity. Cancer Commun (Lond). 2026;46:0050. PMID: 42729464. MeSH: Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
  78. Wei W, Zhong L, Cao H, Zhong F, Lin H, Chen H, et al. Evaluation of ten composite inflammatory indicators for sarcopenia in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2026;17:1926298. PMID: 42729287. MeSH: Sarcopenia/etiology
  79. Xu Q, Chen H, Lv J, Ding L, Yang G, Zeng H, et al. Oxymatrine alleviates severe acute pancreatitis via dual targeting of PKCα and NE to enforce cytosolic and nuclear blockade of NETosis. Phytomedicine. 2026;161:158705. PMID: 42728173. MeSH: Disease Models, Animal
  80. Colakoglu C, Ozsahin SL. Inflammatory discordance phenotype in COPD: Dissociation between neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and conventional markers. PLoS One. 2026;21:e0357923. PMID: 42726765. MeSH: Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive
  81. Oser L, Roose S, Midha A, Schlosser-Brandenburg J, Laubschat A, Musimbi ZD, et al. Larval Exposure Rather than Adult Worm Burden Shapes Systemic and Mucosal Th2 Immunity in Ascaris suum Infected Pigs. ACS Infect Dis. 2026;12:3053-3067. PMID: 42725962. keyword: bolus infection
  82. Kostin S, Cabrera-Fuentes HA, Richter M, Krizanic F, Ritter O, Boisvert WA, et al. Increased NETosis in Patients With Heart Failure Is Associated With Macrophage Activation Towards a Proinflammatory Phenotype. J Cell Mol Med. 2026;30:e71306. PMID: 42725813. MeSH: Heart Failure/pathology
  83. Wattanasiriporn W, Rattanasidha P, Munirwan H, Arayangkoon C. Impact of colchicine on hs-CRP, neutrophil levels, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and major adverse cardiac events (MACEs) in Thai patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Narra J. 2026;6:e3079. PMID: 42724342. MeSH: Acute Coronary Syndrome
  84. Kumrah R, Goyal T, Singhal M, Bhatia P, Pandiarajan V, Jindal AK, et al. Association of persistent oxidative stress markers with coronary artery abnormalities in Kawasaki disease patients on follow-up. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J. 2026;24:61. PMID: 42723099. MeSH: Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome
  85. Zheng Z, Tian R, Chen Y, Li Y, Qu H, Pan T. Epigenetic regulation of neutrophil dysfunction in sepsis: mechanisms, biomarkers, and translational challenges. J Transl Med. 2026;24:1168. PMID: 42723083. MeSH: Neutrophils/pathology
  86. Gong J, Wang Z, Shi Y, Ren M, Li T, Li G, et al. NNMT-associated metabolic-thromboinflammatory-immune co-activation in heterogeneous CTC clusters: a hypothesis-generating computational framework". BMC Cancer. 2026;26:1085. PMID: 42723032. MeSH: Neoplastic Cells, Circulating
  87. Pachmann J, Szep M, Meyer Zu Himmern P, Rickes M, Al-Madhi S, Andric M, et al. Stage-Dependent Transmural Redistribution of NET-Associated Structures and Altered DNA Architecture in Acute Appendicitis. Cells. 2026;15:1489. PMID: 42645216. MeSH: Appendicitis/pathology
  88. Tsansizi LI, Guan SY, Aramburu IV, Punatar RS, Williams TJ, Qiao Y, et al. RAD51 stabilizes neutrophil extracellular traps to compartmentalize inflammation. Science. 2026;393:eaed9286. PMID: 42623469. MeSH: Inflammation
  89. Wang S, Liu W, Gu F, Wang J, Guo Y, Guo L, et al. Calcium-dependent redox signaling connects mitochondrial remodeling with PAD-associated NETosis during respiratory mycoplasma infection. Redox Biol. 2026;96:104316. PMID: 42476007. MeSH: Mycoplasma Infections
  90. Chen D, Zhang C, Xue S, Zeng Y, Cui H, Wang C, et al. LRG1 Drives Pathological Angiogenesis by Disrupting Neutrophil Mitochondrial Homeostasis in Bladder Cancer. Adv Sci (Weinh). 2026;13:e76604. PMID: 42439413. MeSH: Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
  91. Zakrzewski P, Rice CM, Naveh C, Dowell I, Fleming K, Ramesh AV, et al. Mitochondrial activity promotes neutrophil degranulation and endothelial dysfunction in systemic infections. EMBO Mol Med. 2026;18:2691-2722. PMID: 42204305. MeSH: Sepsis/pathology
  92. Maugeri N, Ramirez GA, Capobianco A, Monno A, Arosio E, D'Ercole M, et al. Neutrophil reprogramming underlie vasculopathy and lung disease in systemic sclerosis. Cell Death Dis. 2026;17:453. PMID: 41935037. MeSH: Scleroderma, Systemic/pathology
  93. Shi Y, McPherson HR, Feller T, Connell SDA, Philippou H, Ariëns RAS, et al. A Neutrophil-like Cell Model as Substitute for Human Neutrophils in NETs and Thrombosis Research. Cells. 2026;15:541. PMID: 41892330. MeSH: Thrombosis/pathology
  94. Li Q, Chen W, Sun M, Ni X, Ran Q, Hu X, et al. Stromal Cell-Mast Cell Communication Orchestrates Anti-Viral Immunity in the Meninges. Adv Sci (Weinh). 2026;13:e14842. PMID: 41195564. keyword: viral infection
  95. Fang X, Deng H, Li M, Gao X, He C, Liu H. Pathological neutrophil extracellular traps hinder postoperative anal fistula wound healing and are attenuated by Zuoqing granule via suppression of the Nox4 pathway. Front Immunol. 2025;16:1730184. PMID: 41684537. MeSH: Rectal Fistula/pathology
  96. Caruso R, Caruso V, Rigoli L. Eosinophil ETosis and Cancer: Ultrastructural Evidence and Oncological Implications. Cancers (Basel). 2025;17:3250. PMID: 41097776. keyword: gastric carcinoma
  97. Amini W, Schemmelmann L, Heming JN, Oguama M, Thomas K, Block H, et al. Csk-mediated Src family kinase regulation dampens neutrophil infiltration during pulmonary infection. JCI Insight. 2025;10:e188323. PMID: 40493407. MeSH: Pneumonia, Bacterial/pathology
  98. Caruso R, Caruso V, Rigoli L. Eosinophil cytolysis with or without ETosis in four cases of human gastric cancer: a comparative ultrastructural study. Explor Target Antitumor Ther. 2025;6:1002309. PMID: 40291980. keyword: Gastric carcinoma
  99. Zi SF, Wu XJ, Tang Y, Liang YP, Liu X, Wang L, et al. Endothelial Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Promote Aberrant Neutrophil Trafficking and Subsequent Remote Lung Injury. Adv Sci (Weinh). 2024;11:e2400647. PMID: 39119837. MeSH: Disease Models, Animal
  100. Neves VH, Palazzi C, Malta KK, Bonjour K, Kneip F, Dias FF, et al. Extracellular sombrero vesicles are hallmarks of eosinophilic cytolytic degranulation in tissue sites of human diseases. J Leukoc Biol. 2024;116:398-408. PMID: 38527801. MeSH: Eosinophils/pathology
  101. Neves VH, Palazzi C, Bonjour K, Ueki S, Weller PF, Melo RCN. In Vivo ETosis of Human Eosinophils: The Ultrastructural Signature Captured by TEM in Eosinophilic Diseases. Front Immunol. 2022;13:938691. PMID: 35874692. MeSH: Hypereosinophilic Syndrome
  102. Serwas NK, Huemer J, Dieckmann R, Mejstrikova E, Garncarz W, Litzman J, et al. CEBPE-Mutant Specific Granule Deficiency Correlates With Aberrant Granule Organization and Substantial Proteome Alterations in Neutrophils. Front Immunol. 2018;9:588. PMID: 29651288. MeSH: Leukocyte Disorders
  103. Borregaard N. Neutrophils, from marrow to microbes. Immunity. 2010;33:657-70. PMID: 21094463. MeSH: Infections

Medications 30

Filed by MeSH heading or keyword; each paper says which one matched. The Medications page holds the dated feed.

  1. Wang Z, Chang M, Shang W, Jia Y, Shan X, Chen X, et al. Neutrophil extracellular traps in cardiovascular disease: Mechanisms and therapeutic implications (Review). Int J Mol Med. 2026;58:323. PMID: 42788363. MeSH: Cardiovascular Diseases/drug therapy
  2. Souza JL, Almeida VH, Martins-Cardoso K, Carneiro LDT, Azevedo VRD, Nestal de Moraes G, et al. Neutrophil extracellular traps induce chemoresistance in human breast cancer cells through the PI3K/AKT/NF-κB pathway. Front Immunol. 2026;17:1912140. PMID: 42787218. MeSH: Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
  3. Jacobs I, Ceulemans M, Lenfant M, Cremer J, De Hertogh G, Ferrante M, et al. Distinct intestinal eosinophil subsets in ulcerative colitis and their modulation by advanced inflammatory bowel disease therapies. J Crohns Colitis. 2026;20:jjag141. PMID: 42786564. MeSH: Colitis, Ulcerative/drug therapy
  4. Xu S, Guo J, Zhao Z, Zhai Y, Liu Y, Li H. Clinical Value of an LDH-CA125-NLR Panel for Diagnosis, Platinum Resistance, and Prognostic Assessment in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer. Curr Oncol. 2026;33:551. PMID: 42782897. MeSH: Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial/drug therapy
  5. Holtrop T, van der Peet IC, Hendriks IST, Kardol-Hoefnagel T, Schol RB, Lustig M, et al. Tumor Acidosis Boosts Antibody-Driven Cytotoxic Potential of Neutrophils. Cells. 2026;15:1663. PMID: 42782764. keyword: immunotherapy
  6. Thu Doan T, Khanh Thi Nguyen L, Minh Nong V, Phuong Thi Ngo N, Van Do T, Xuan Dao C, et al. Human Neuroangiostrongyliasis Caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis in Northern Vietnam: a Clinical-Epidemiological Case Series of Eosinophilic Response and Disease Manifestations. Acta Parasitol. 2026;71:222. PMID: 42782414. MeSH: Strongylida Infections/drug therapy
  7. Dhochak N, Robinson PFM, Saglani S. Update on Pediatric asthma management: Recent advances. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2026;37:e70480. PMID: 42779388. MeSH: Asthma/drug therapy
  8. Raman S, Rahman S, Polverino F, Adrish M. Updates in COPD Management: From Inflammatory Pathways to Targeted Therapies. Eur J Clin Invest. 2026;56:e70256. PMID: 42773542. MeSH: Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/drug therapy
  9. van de Kreeke M, Pham AD, Mehciz M, Jordens T, Uyterlinde MG, van Wijk RC, et al. A mechanism-based model of immune status effects on antibiotic PK/PD targets in bacteremia. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn. 2026;53:53. PMID: 42771197. MeSH: Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
  10. Vanetti M, Visca D, Ardesi F, Taglioretti AM, Zappa M, Pignatti P, et al. Blood eosinophils in COPD: are biologics for everyone? Ther Adv Respir Dis. 2026;20:17534666261471839. PMID: 42760892. MeSH: Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/drug therapy
  11. Mendez P, Rosado A, Cardet JC. Type 2-low Asthma: Epidemiology, Multiomics, and Emerging Therapies. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2026;26:51. PMID: 42747714. MeSH: Asthma/drug therapy
  12. Czerwińska J, Frączek A, Owczarczyk-Saczonek A. Neutrophil-associated extracellular DNA pathways in vitiligo: compartment-specific changes following combined fractional CO2 laser and NB-UVB therapy. Front Immunol. 2026;17:1897885. PMID: 42746086. MeSH: Lasers, Gas/therapeutic use
  13. Brightling CE, Rabe KF, Singh D, Han MK, Bhutani M, Bourbeau J, et al. Efficacy of Biologics in Patients with Moderate to Very Severe COPD: A Systematic Review. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2026;21:603471. PMID: 42741717. MeSH: Biological Products/therapeutic use
  14. Zhang H, Knopf J, Elrod J, Klinke M, Boettcher M, Martel R. DNase1 reverses peribronchial inflammation in murine explants incubated with activated neutrophils. Front Immunol. 2026;17:1883328. PMID: 42741118. MeSH: Deoxyribonuclease I/pharmacology
  15. Visca D, Ardesi F, Silva DR, Pignatti P, Vanetti M, Zappa M, et al. Bronchial asthma: what is different in patients with and without chronic cough? Respir Res Clin Pract. 2026;52:e20250242. PMID: 42740721. MeSH: Asthma/drug therapy
  16. Kosztulska B, Rydzyńska M, Grześk-Kaczyńska M, Rosada T, Kuźmiński A, Ukleja-Sokołowska N. Are Basophil Activation Test (BAT) and IgE Levels Useful Tools in Confirming Penicillin Allergy? Novel Diagnostic Approach in Beta-Lactams Hypersensitivity Reactions: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci. 2026;27:7960. PMID: 42737857. MeSH: Drug Hypersensitivity
  17. De Windt S, Kourta D, Wyns C. Chemotherapy-Mediated Purging Before Testicular Organoid Generation Significantly Reduces Cancer Cells While Not Significantly Reducing Germ Cells. Int J Mol Sci. 2026;27:7924. PMID: 42737821. MeSH: Testis/drug effects
  18. Maskey AR, Kopulos D, Spears M, Wang ZZ, Mo X, Musa I, et al. Berberine Inhibits Eczematous Skin S. aureus-Induced Mast Cell/Basophil Activation and Modulates MAPK-Associated Gene Expression. Int J Mol Sci. 2026;27:7875. PMID: 42737772. MeSH: Berberine/pharmacology
  19. Wang L, Zhu Z, Liu Y, Aodeng S, Kang T, Wang W, et al. Baicalein Attenuates Eosinophilic Rhinosinusitis by Suppressing ALOX15-Mediated M2 Macrophage Function. Int J Mol Sci. 2026;27:7651. PMID: 42737549. MeSH: Rhinosinusitis/drug therapy
  20. Bertolotto G, Uribe P, Rosales B, Sánchez R, Zambrano F. Extracellular Traps at the Crossroads of Immune Evasion and Antimicrobial Resistance: The Case of Escherichia coli in the Reproductive Tract. Int J Mol Sci. 2026;27:7608. PMID: 42737508. MeSH: Escherichia coli/drug effects
  21. Ebrahim MAM, Nasr MAM, Abdel-Latif MMM. Cefoxitin versus cefotaxime as empirical treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in liver cirrhotic patients: randomized controlled clinical trial. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2026;81:dkag318. PMID: 42736171. MeSH: Cefotaxime/therapeutic use
  22. Tu Y, Ge G, Ge Y. An Elderly Female Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patient Presented with Severe Agranulocytosis as Initial Symptom. Clin Lab. 2026;72:2030-2033. PMID: 42733991. MeSH: Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/drug therapy
  23. Thomas SS, Kumar GB, Nair BG, Babu P, Edison LK, Balakrishna Pillai AK, et al. Targeting neutrophil extracellular traps in bacterial infections: mechanistic insights and translational perspectives. Front Immunol. 2026;17:1922248. PMID: 42729760. MeSH: Bacterial Infections/drug therapy
  24. Xu Q, Chen H, Lv J, Ding L, Yang G, Zeng H, et al. Oxymatrine alleviates severe acute pancreatitis via dual targeting of PKCα and NE to enforce cytosolic and nuclear blockade of NETosis. Phytomedicine. 2026;161:158705. PMID: 42728173. MeSH: Quinolizines/pharmacology
  25. Jiaqi L, Xuejiao J, Wei S, Hongbo S. Ferroptosis in Low-Density Neutrophils of Tuberculosis Patients Suppresses Bactericidal Function. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2026;53:e70155. PMID: 42725380. MeSH: Ferroptosis/drug effects
  26. Wattanasiriporn W, Rattanasidha P, Munirwan H, Arayangkoon C. Impact of colchicine on hs-CRP, neutrophil levels, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and major adverse cardiac events (MACEs) in Thai patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Narra J. 2026;6:e3079. PMID: 42724342. MeSH: Colchicine/therapeutic use
  27. Tsansizi LI, Guan SY, Aramburu IV, Punatar RS, Williams TJ, Qiao Y, et al. RAD51 stabilizes neutrophil extracellular traps to compartmentalize inflammation. Science. 2026;393:eaed9286. PMID: 42623469. MeSH: Rad51 Recombinase/antagonists & inhibitors
  28. Fang X, Deng H, Li M, Gao X, He C, Liu H. Pathological neutrophil extracellular traps hinder postoperative anal fistula wound healing and are attenuated by Zuoqing granule via suppression of the Nox4 pathway. Front Immunol. 2025;16:1730184. PMID: 41684537. MeSH: Wound Healing/drug effects
  29. Zwiers E, Montizaan D, Kip A, Waaijenberg K, Fichtinger PS, Mathur SK, et al. Inhibition of EETosis with an anti-citrullinated histone antibody: a novel therapeutic approach for eosinophilic inflammatory disorders. Front Immunol. 2025;16:1533407. PMID: 40051617. MeSH: Extracellular Traps/drug effects
  30. Brinkmann V, Reichard U, Goosmann C, Fauler B, Uhlemann Y, Weiss DS, et al. Neutrophil extracellular traps kill bacteria. Science. 2004;303:1532-5. PMID: 15001782. MeSH: Cytochalasin D/pharmacology

Signaling 22

Filed by MeSH heading or keyword; each paper says which one matched. The Signaling page holds the dated feed.

  1. Souza JL, Almeida VH, Martins-Cardoso K, Carneiro LDT, Azevedo VRD, Nestal de Moraes G, et al. Neutrophil extracellular traps induce chemoresistance in human breast cancer cells through the PI3K/AKT/NF-κB pathway. Front Immunol. 2026;17:1912140. PMID: 42787218. MeSH: Signal Transduction
  2. Wan L, Liu B, Xie N, Li J, Su T, Zhang L, et al. Associations of Serum CIRP and CXCL5 With Prognosis and Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Pediatric Mycoplasma pneumoniae Pneumonia. Clin Respir J. 2026;20:e70231. PMID: 42786146. MeSH: Chemokine CXCL5
  3. Xie C, Jia Y, Kai X, Tang W, Zhang H, Li C, et al. Different Inflammatory Phenotypes and Immune Endotypes Drive Disease Heterogeneity in Asthma and COPD. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2026;69:80. PMID: 42782552. MeSH: Cytokines
  4. Huang X, Zhu Y, Guo Y, Lv T, Gu H, Luo Y, et al. Neutrophils promote endothelial cell activation in pediatric Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia. JCI Insight. 2026;11:e203856. PMID: 42770299. MeSH: Signal Transduction
  5. Li H, Chen G, Sun L. Neutrophil extracellular traps in antifungal immunity: mechanisms, dual roles, regulatory networks, and clinical perspectives. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2026;16:1908311. PMID: 42769977. MeSH: Signal Transduction
  6. Kondo S, Owaki K, Hamasaki G, Inukai T, Kinoshita J, Ito T, et al. Gas6/Axl-mediated macrophage hyporesponsiveness drives severe pulmonary mucormycosis in diabetic mice. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2026;16:1939483. PMID: 42769187. MeSH: Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases
  7. Lu Y, Li Q, Liu T, Gu F. Integrated Visualization of Neutrophil Recruitment and Inflammatory Cytokine Profiling in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid. J Vis Exp. 2026. PMID: 42747099. MeSH: Cytokines
  8. Blum L, Jäger K, Jones M, Elrod J, Boettcher M, Knopf J. Macrophage polarization modulates neutrophil extracellular trap dynamics and reciprocal macrophage responses. Front Immunol. 2026;17:1850388. PMID: 42745859. MeSH: Cytokines
  9. Oualha R, Abdelkrim YZ, Barhoumi M, Ben Hamouda S, Bassoumi-Jamoussi I, Essafi M, et al. Leishmania infantum eukaryotic initiation factor 4A modulates in vitro functional activity of human neutrophils. Front Immunol. 2026;17:1873341. PMID: 42745760. MeSH: Cytokines
  10. Liu Y, Shi P. Source-renewing ectopic ApoB-TRL lipolysis in non-resolving ARDS: a testable spatial hypothesis. Front Immunol. 2026;17:1859209. PMID: 42741604. keyword: cytokines
  11. Zhang H, Knopf J, Elrod J, Klinke M, Boettcher M, Martel R. DNase1 reverses peribronchial inflammation in murine explants incubated with activated neutrophils. Front Immunol. 2026;17:1883328. PMID: 42741118. MeSH: Chemokine CCL5
  12. Wang L, Zhu Z, Liu Y, Aodeng S, Kang T, Wang W, et al. Baicalein Attenuates Eosinophilic Rhinosinusitis by Suppressing ALOX15-Mediated M2 Macrophage Function. Int J Mol Sci. 2026;27:7651. PMID: 42737549. MeSH: Cytokines
  13. Betáková T, Mladá M, Donátová K, Jakubíková J. Dose-Dependent Alterations in Lung Immune Subpopulations in Influenza a Virus Infection. Int J Mol Sci. 2026;27:7522. PMID: 42737426. keyword: cytokine
  14. Pessoa Rodrigues C, R Calçada R, Arnaud M, Kaltenbach L, Manser M, Scheidegger A, et al. IFNAR1-dependent metabolic circuit drives pathogenic neutrophil activation in chronic mucosal inflammation. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2026;11:380. PMID: 42733068. MeSH: Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta
  15. Thomas SS, Kumar GB, Nair BG, Babu P, Edison LK, Balakrishna Pillai AK, et al. Targeting neutrophil extracellular traps in bacterial infections: mechanistic insights and translational perspectives. Front Immunol. 2026;17:1922248. PMID: 42729760. MeSH: Signal Transduction
  16. Duan Y, Yu S, Wang X, Wu R, Zhao Y, Kong X, et al. Neutrophil Senescence Induced by Tumor-Derived HMGB1 Promotes Hepatocellular Carcinoma Progression through Neutrophil Extracellular Trap-Mediated Suppression of CD8+ T Cell Immunity. Cancer Commun (Lond). 2026;46:0050. PMID: 42729464. MeSH: Toll-Like Receptor 4
  17. Kostin S, Cabrera-Fuentes HA, Richter M, Krizanic F, Ritter O, Boisvert WA, et al. Increased NETosis in Patients With Heart Failure Is Associated With Macrophage Activation Towards a Proinflammatory Phenotype. J Cell Mol Med. 2026;30:e71306. PMID: 42725813. MeSH: Receptors, Cell Surface
  18. Wang S, Liu W, Gu F, Wang J, Guo Y, Guo L, et al. Calcium-dependent redox signaling connects mitochondrial remodeling with PAD-associated NETosis during respiratory mycoplasma infection. Redox Biol. 2026;96:104316. PMID: 42476007. MeSH: Calcium Signaling
  19. Maugeri N, Ramirez GA, Capobianco A, Monno A, Arosio E, D'Ercole M, et al. Neutrophil reprogramming underlie vasculopathy and lung disease in systemic sclerosis. Cell Death Dis. 2026;17:453. PMID: 41935037. MeSH: Receptor, TIE-2
  20. Fang X, Deng H, Li M, Gao X, He C, Liu H. Pathological neutrophil extracellular traps hinder postoperative anal fistula wound healing and are attenuated by Zuoqing granule via suppression of the Nox4 pathway. Front Immunol. 2025;16:1730184. PMID: 41684537. MeSH: Signal Transduction
  21. Amini W, Schemmelmann L, Heming JN, Oguama M, Thomas K, Block H, et al. Csk-mediated Src family kinase regulation dampens neutrophil infiltration during pulmonary infection. JCI Insight. 2025;10:e188323. PMID: 40493407. MeSH: Signal Transduction
  22. Singh J, Zlatar L, Muñoz-Becerra M, Lochnit G, Herrmann I, Pfister F, et al. Calpain-1 weakens the nuclear envelope and promotes the release of neutrophil extracellular traps. Cell Commun Signal. 2024;22:435. PMID: 39252008. MeSH: Lamin B Receptor

Key Publications 123

Filed by MeSH heading or keyword; each paper says which one matched. The Key Publications page holds the dated feed.

  1. Höbler AL, Lackner AI, Öhler B, Musiejovsky L, Haslinger P, Vondra S, et al. Fibrinoid-associated neutrophils promote invasive placentation and neutrophil reprogramming at the maternal-fetal interface. Sci Immunol. 2026;11:eaea4118. PMID: 42789665. research paper
  2. Li Y, Wang H, He W, Fang Y, Jin S, Liu H, et al. Association of Neutrophil Percentage-to-Albumin Ratio (NPAR) With Pathological Features and Long-Term Prognosis in Diabetic Kidney Disease: A Cohort Study. FASEB J. 2026;40:e72253. PMID: 42789323. research paper
  3. Wang Z, Chang M, Shang W, Jia Y, Shan X, Chen X, et al. Neutrophil extracellular traps in cardiovascular disease: Mechanisms and therapeutic implications (Review). Int J Mol Med. 2026;58:323. PMID: 42788363. research paper
  4. Chen H, Xu Y, Guan Z, Qiu J, Xu X, Yu S, et al. The single-cell immune atlas of bacterial pneumonia: from inflammatory cell infiltration to treatable cell states. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2026;16:1889185. PMID: 42787680. research paper
  5. Souza JL, Almeida VH, Martins-Cardoso K, Carneiro LDT, Azevedo VRD, Nestal de Moraes G, et al. Neutrophil extracellular traps induce chemoresistance in human breast cancer cells through the PI3K/AKT/NF-κB pathway. Front Immunol. 2026;17:1912140. PMID: 42787218. research paper
  6. Shi D, Tie C, Pang M, Xu X, Wang Z, Wang H, et al. PD-L1+ neutrophils at the invasive margin drive contact-dependent CD8+ T cell exhaustion in hepatic alveolar echinococcosis. Front Immunol. 2026;17:1917606. PMID: 42787005. research paper
  7. Jacobs I, Ceulemans M, Lenfant M, Cremer J, De Hertogh G, Ferrante M, et al. Distinct intestinal eosinophil subsets in ulcerative colitis and their modulation by advanced inflammatory bowel disease therapies. J Crohns Colitis. 2026;20:jjag141. PMID: 42786564. research paper
  8. Wan L, Liu B, Xie N, Li J, Su T, Zhang L, et al. Associations of Serum CIRP and CXCL5 With Prognosis and Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Pediatric Mycoplasma pneumoniae Pneumonia. Clin Respir J. 2026;20:e70231. PMID: 42786146. research paper
  9. Zhu B, Li F, Zeng C, Wu Y, Xie X, Zhu D, et al. Association of immune-inflammatory markers with chronic kidney disease in older adults with obesity: a large-scale cross-sectional study. Ren Fail. 2026;48:2727802. PMID: 42785974. research paper
  10. Prajumwongs P, Titapun A, Thanasukarn V, Jareanrat A, Khuntikeo N, Namwat N, et al. Metabolic and Inflammatory Risk Stratification in Resected Cholangiocarcinoma: A Retrospective Exploratory Analysis. Med Sci (Basel). 2026;14:525. PMID: 42783398. research paper
  11. Xu S, Guo J, Zhao Z, Zhai Y, Liu Y, Li H. Clinical Value of an LDH-CA125-NLR Panel for Diagnosis, Platinum Resistance, and Prognostic Assessment in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer. Curr Oncol. 2026;33:551. PMID: 42782897. research paper
  12. Abulfaraj MW, Farsi AHM. Preoperative Immunonutritional Indices in Colorectal Cancer: The Contribution of Albumin, Time-Dependence of Effect, and Threshold Transportability in a Saudi Cohort. Curr Oncol. 2026;33:496. PMID: 42782843. research paper
  13. Holtrop T, van der Peet IC, Hendriks IST, Kardol-Hoefnagel T, Schol RB, Lustig M, et al. Tumor Acidosis Boosts Antibody-Driven Cytotoxic Potential of Neutrophils. Cells. 2026;15:1663. PMID: 42782764. research paper
  14. Xie C, Jia Y, Kai X, Tang W, Zhang H, Li C, et al. Different Inflammatory Phenotypes and Immune Endotypes Drive Disease Heterogeneity in Asthma and COPD. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2026;69:80. PMID: 42782552. research paper
  15. Thu Doan T, Khanh Thi Nguyen L, Minh Nong V, Phuong Thi Ngo N, Van Do T, Xuan Dao C, et al. Human Neuroangiostrongyliasis Caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis in Northern Vietnam: a Clinical-Epidemiological Case Series of Eosinophilic Response and Disease Manifestations. Acta Parasitol. 2026;71:222. PMID: 42782414. research paper
  16. Chen X, Wang M, Wu B, Jiang W, Yang Q, Tang J, et al. Reciprocal mediation of immuno-inflammation and insulin resistance in the risk of chronic kidney disease among patients with coronary artery disease: insights from neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and triglyceride-glucose index. Front Immunol. 2026;17:1937248. PMID: 42780108. research paper
  17. Dhochak N, Robinson PFM, Saglani S. Update on Pediatric asthma management: Recent advances. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2026;37:e70480. PMID: 42779388. research paper
  18. Gialouri CG, Valakos D, Moustafa S, Koutsianas C, Chalkia A, Petras D, et al. Distinct molecular signature in relapsed patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis. RMD Open. 2026;12:e007063. PMID: 42778335. research paper
  19. Zong F, Wang Y, Hu L, Li L, Zhou D, Zhao J, et al. Dynamic orchestration of structural and immune cells in acute Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia revealed by time-resolved single-cell and spatial transcriptomics. Front Immunol. 2026;17:1874223. PMID: 42774114. research paper
  20. Jiang X, Zhou D, Ma K, Zhang J, Hu H, Xue Z, et al. An interpretable machine learning model integrating early immune biomarkers for predicting outcomes after spinal cord injury. Front Neurol. 2026;17:1855360. PMID: 42774090. research paper
  21. Humer B, Eyisoylu H, Berentschot JC, Bek LM, Boly CA, Hellemons ME, et al. A brief report: absence of elevated circulating NETosis markers in long-term long COVID. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2026;16:1920533. PMID: 42774049. research paper
  22. Akalin B, Erbin A, Yavuz E, Nisli O, Akalin GB, Canat HL. Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index and Neutrophil-to-Platelet Ratio as Predictors of Intensive Care Requirement and Hospital Stay in Acute Obstructive Pyelonephritis Requiring Percutaneous Nephrostomy. Urol J. 2026;23:160-166. PMID: 42773769. research paper
  23. Raman S, Rahman S, Polverino F, Adrish M. Updates in COPD Management: From Inflammatory Pathways to Targeted Therapies. Eur J Clin Invest. 2026;56:e70256. PMID: 42773542. research paper
  24. Vandooren J. Role of MMPs in neutrophil biology. Enzymes. 2026;60:243-279. PMID: 42772841. research paper
  25. van de Kreeke M, Pham AD, Mehciz M, Jordens T, Uyterlinde MG, van Wijk RC, et al. A mechanism-based model of immune status effects on antibiotic PK/PD targets in bacteremia. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn. 2026;53:53. PMID: 42771197. research paper
  26. Zhang H, Huang X, Jayakumar P, Zhang Y, Yang T, Guo X, et al. Integrated single-cell multiomics reveals neutrophil-driven immune-metabolic reprogramming of Kupffer cells via thrombospondin-1/CD36 after surgical stress. JCI Insight. 2026;11:e203495. PMID: 42770305. research paper
  27. Huang X, Zhu Y, Guo Y, Lv T, Gu H, Luo Y, et al. Neutrophils promote endothelial cell activation in pediatric Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia. JCI Insight. 2026;11:e203856. PMID: 42770299. research paper
  28. Zhang X, Dallenga T, Krauss-Etschmann S. Neutrophil extracellular traps in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: pathogenic roles, and therapeutic opportunities. Front Immunol. 2026;17:1919974. PMID: 42770007. research paper
  29. Li H, Chen G, Sun L. Neutrophil extracellular traps in antifungal immunity: mechanisms, dual roles, regulatory networks, and clinical perspectives. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2026;16:1908311. PMID: 42769977. research paper
  30. Choi ED, Voehringer D, Radtke D. From skin to lung: basophil-mediated spread of allergic diseases. Front Immunol. 2026;17:1916940. PMID: 42769719. research paper
  31. Wawrzeńczyk A, Napiórkowska-Baran K, Tykwińska M, Szota M, Bartuzi Z, Sławatycki J, et al. Overlapping type 2, barrier, and remodeling endotypes shape clinical expression in eosinophilic esophagitis. Front Immunol. 2026;17:1948419. PMID: 42769530. research paper
  32. Kondo S, Owaki K, Hamasaki G, Inukai T, Kinoshita J, Ito T, et al. Gas6/Axl-mediated macrophage hyporesponsiveness drives severe pulmonary mucormycosis in diabetic mice. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2026;16:1939483. PMID: 42769187. research paper
  33. Wang X, Yang X, Cheng Y, Chen X. Preoperative inflammatory indicators predict postoperative SIRS after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass in older patients. BMC Geriatr. 2026;26:1188. PMID: 42768335. research paper
  34. Tolman NJ, Choi W, Coulter R, Snyder ME, Sharma L, Qin S, et al. Candida in the lower respiratory tract induces barrier disruption in mice and predicts poor outcomes in mechanically ventilated humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2026;123:e2608378123. PMID: 42766739. research paper
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