Granulo Knowledge Base: Granulocytes
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Everything there is to know about the granulocyte.
Building the model…
If there is a primary source on the granulocyte, I have read it. If there are three, I have cross-referenced them. If there are fewer than three, I will tell you that first. What is the question?
The granulocyte is the white blood cell named for the granules that pack its cytoplasm, and it comes in three kinds: the neutrophil, the eosinophil, and the basophil. All three are made in the bone marrow and carry a lobed nucleus. The neutrophil is the most numerous and the first to reach an infection, where it swallows bacteria, floods them with oxidants and granule enzymes, and can cast out nets of its own DNA to trap them. The eosinophil targets parasites and drives allergic inflammation. The basophil, the rarest, releases histamine when IgE sounds the alarm. Borregaard N, Immunity 2010: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21094463/
Latest Research
All Latest Research → Deubiquitinase USP48 promotes gastric cancer peritoneal metastasis by stabilizing S100A9 to induce NETs.
USP48 stabilizes S100A9 in cancer cells to induce NET formation; NETs facilitate peritoneal metastasis in gastric cancer. Identifies a cancer-cell-to-neutrophil axis driving NET release.
Lesional hair lipidomic signatures reveal ARA-LTB4 pathway activation and NETs formation in hidradenitis suppurativa.
Hair follicle lipidome in hidradenitis suppurativa shows arachidonic acid/LTB4 pathway activation and neutrophil NET formation in inflamed skin.
Melatonin ameliorates heatstroke-induced liver injury by inhibiting neutrophil recruitment and differentiation.
Melatonin reduces neutrophil recruitment and maturation to liver in a heatstroke model, limiting hepatic injury; mechanism involves single-cell transcriptomic characterization of the neutrophil response.
Neutrophil senescence induced by tumor-derived HMGB1 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma via NET-mediated CD8+ T cell suppression.
Aged neutrophils recruited to the tumor microenvironment suppress CD8+ T cell immunity through NET formation, driven by HMGB1 released by HCC cells.
Visualizing and targeting tumor-associated neutrophils: advanced imaging, therapeutic reprogramming, and cell-based delivery.
Review of imaging strategies and therapeutic approaches to reprogram tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs) in precision oncology.
Neutrophil elastase-mediated myoepithelial loss is a therapeutic vulnerability in ductal carcinoma in situ progression.
Neutrophils degrade the myoepithelial layer via elastase release, facilitating DCIS-to-invasive transition; elastase inhibition is proposed as a target.
Disorders
All Disorders → Neutrophil-dependent interferonopathy contributes to joint damage in hemophilia.
Recurrent synovial bleeding in severe hemophilia A drives a neutrophil-mediated type-I interferon response that accelerates hemophilic arthropathy.
Donor-derived distinct neutrophil subsets in G-CSF-mobilized peripheral blood grafts predict acute GVHD development.
Specific neutrophil subsets in G-CSF-mobilized allografts correlate with acute graft-versus-host disease risk after allo-HSCT.
Complete Remission to Imatinib in a Myeloid Neoplasm with Basophilia and PRKG2::PDGFRA Gene Fusion: A Case Report.
Maddox et al. report a PRKG2::PDGFRA fusion myeloid neoplasm with basophilia that fully remitted on imatinib; single case.
Hijacking emergency granulopoiesis: Neutrophil ontogeny and reprogramming in cancer.
Marinescu et al. review how tumors reshape emergency granulopoiesis and neutrophil programming.
Inherited disorders of granulopoiesis: understanding pathogenesis to advance new therapies.
Arreba-Tutusaus et al. review congenital neutropenias and their molecular basis.
How I treat hypereosinophilic syndromes.
Klion clinical approach to HES diagnosis, subtyping, and treatment.
Medications
All Medications → Association of Neutrophil Percentage-to-Albumin Ratio (NPAR) With Pathological Features and Long-Term Prognosis in Diabetic Kidney Disease: A Cohort Study
Growing evidence highlights the central role of inflammation in the onset and progression of DKD. In this study, we investigate the association between the neutrophil percentage-to-albumin ratio.
Associations of Serum CIRP and CXCL5 With Prognosis and Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Pediatric Mycoplasma pneumoniae Pneumonia
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the associations of serum cold-inducible RNA-binding protein (CIRP) and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 5 (CXCL5) with prognosis in children with Mycoplasma.
Updates in COPD Management: From Inflammatory Pathways to Targeted Therapies
BACKGROUND: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a heterogeneous respiratory disorder driven by neutrophilic and eosinophilic inflammation, structural changes, and airflow limitation..
Neutrophil extracellular traps in cardiovascular disease: Mechanisms and therapeutic implications (Review)
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are web‑like structures composed of decondensed chromatin and granular proteins. Initially identified as an antimicrobial defense mechanism, NETs have now.
Different Inflammatory Phenotypes and Immune Endotypes Drive Disease Heterogeneity in Asthma and COPD
Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are highly heterogeneous airway disorders that cannot be adequately understood or managed as single disease entities. Instead, both encompass a.
Human Neuroangiostrongyliasis Caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis in Northern Vietnam: a Clinical-Epidemiological Case Series of Eosinophilic Response and Disease Manifestations
PURPOSE: Angiostrongylus cantonensis is a major cause of eosinophilic meningitis in Southeast Asia, but clinical data from northern Vietnam remain limited. We describe the clinical spectrum,.
Signaling
All Signaling → Fibrinoid-associated neutrophils promote invasive placentation and neutrophil reprogramming at the maternal-fetal interface
Successful early pregnancy depends on coordinated interactions between the placenta and maternal immune cells, but the mechanisms underlying this interplay remain incompletely understood..
Integrated single-cell multiomics reveals neutrophil-driven immune-metabolic reprogramming of Kupffer cells via thrombospondin-1/CD36 after surgical stress
Surgical stress, such as liver ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury characterized by robust neutrophil infiltration and immune activation, induces sterile inflammation that reshapes tissue immunity and.
Neutrophils promote endothelial cell activation in pediatric Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia
Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP) can cause serious extrapulmonary complications, including life-threatening thrombosis. This study aimed to elucidate the roles of neutrophils and neutrophil.
Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index and Neutrophil-to-Platelet Ratio as Predictors of Intensive Care Requirement and Hospital Stay in Acute Obstructive Pyelonephritis Requiring Percutaneous Nephrostomy
PURPOSE: There is a growing need for rapid, simple, and cost-effective biomarkers that facilitate early risk stratification in patients with severe upper urinary tract infections. This study aimed to.
Association between carbohydrate-to-fiber ratio and endometriosis in U.S. women: mediating role of neutrophil-percentage-to-albumin ratio
OBJECTIVES: Associations between carbohydrate and fiber intake and endometriosis (EM) have been inconsistent, and no study has evaluated the combined effect of the carbohydrate-to-fiber ratio (CFR).
Neutrophil-to-HDL cholesterol ratio and cardiovascular disease coexistence in COPD patients: An NHANES 2007 to 2018 analysis
The neutrophil-to-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (NHR) is a composite biomarker reflecting systemic inflammation and lipid metabolism. We examined associations between NHR and.
Key Publications
All Key Publications → Not Just Th2: Eosinophil-Associated Proteomic Networks Reveal Fundamental Differences Between COPD a
Not Just Th2: Eosinophil-Associated Proteomic Networks Reveal Fundamental Differences Between COPD and Asthma. Wu X, Fan J, Ding H et al.. Allergy 2026.
Association of immune-inflammatory markers with chronic kidney disease in older adults with obesity: a large-scale cross-sectional study
Obesity is a major independent risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD). Population-level evidence linking immune dysregulation to CKD in obese individuals remains limited. In this.
Candida in the lower respiratory tract induces barrier disruption in mice and predicts poor outcomes in mechanically ventilated humans
Candida albicans ( Calb ) in the lower respiratory tract (LRT) is considered a rare cause of pneumonia, yet its frequent recovery from LRT secretions of mechanically ventilated patients associates.
An overview of innate cellular immune responses against hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae: from evasion strategies to liver abscess formation
Hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae (hvKp) has emerged as a redoubtable global pathogen, distinguished from classical K. pneumoniae (cKp) by its ability to cause life-threatening,.
Stage-specific elevation of MPO and NE mRNA expression in diabetic kidney disease and their independent associations with albuminuria
BACKGROUND: Myeloperoxidase (MPO) and neutrophil elastase (NE) are key neutrophil enzymes involved in oxidative stress, inflammation, and neutrophil extracellular trap formation, all of which have.
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Disease
Zhang J et al. review how NETs promote atherosclerotic plaque formation, thrombosis, and myocardial injury, and evaluate NET-targeting therapies including DNase and PAD4 inhibitors in cardiovascular settings. PMID: 42746070
Substances tested 10
All substances →Filgrastim (recombinant methionyl G-CSF) granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
acts on G-CSF receptor on neutrophil progenitors and mature neutrophils
Reduced chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropenia: at least one episode of fever with neutropenia in 40 percent of the G-CSF group versus 77 percent on placebo (p less than 0.001). Median duration of grade IV neutropenia (ANC under 0.5 x 10^9 per L) was one day with G-CSF versus six days with placebo.
Mepolizumab anti-interleukin-5 monoclonal antibody
acts on interleukin-5, the cytokine driving eosinophil production and survival
Reduced clinically significant exacerbations in severe eosinophilic asthma from 2.40 per patient per year on placebo to 1.24 at 75 mg (48 percent reduction, 95 percent CI 31 to 61, p less than 0.0001), 1.46 at 250 mg (39 percent reduction) and 1.15 at 750 mg (52 percent reduction, 36 to 64, p less than 0.0001).
Mepolizumab anti-interleukin-5 monoclonal antibody
acts on interleukin-5
Exacerbation rate reduced 47 percent (95 percent CI 29 to 61) with intravenous and 53 percent (37 to 65) with subcutaneous dosing versus placebo (p less than 0.001 for both). Exacerbations needing emergency care or hospitalisation fell 32 percent (intravenous) and 61 percent (subcutaneous). FEV1 at week 32 rose 100 mL more than placebo on the intravenous arm.
Benralizumab anti-interleukin-5 receptor alpha monoclonal antibody
acts on IL-5 receptor alpha on eosinophils; depletes eosinophils by antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
In patients with blood eosinophils at least 300 cells per uL, the annual exacerbation rate over 48 weeks fell versus placebo on both schedules: rate ratio 0.55 (95 percent CI 0.42 to 0.71, p less than 0.0001) every 4 weeks and 0.49 (0.37 to 0.64, p less than 0.0001) every 8 weeks.
Imatinib tyrosine kinase inhibitor
acts on FIP1L1-PDGFRalpha fusion kinase; 50 percent inhibitory concentration 3.2 nM
Nine of 11 patients with hypereosinophilic syndrome had responses lasting more than three months with the eosinophil count returning to normal. The FIP1L1-PDGFRA fusion, from an interstitial deletion on chromosome 4q12, was found in 9 of 16 patients and in 5 of the 9 durable responders. A T674I mutation at relapse confirmed the fusion kinase as the drug target.
Dupilumab anti-interleukin-4 receptor alpha monoclonal antibody
acts on IL-4 receptor alpha, blocking IL-4 and IL-13 signalling upstream of eosinophil recruitment
Histologic remission in eosinophilic esophagitis reached 60 percent (25 of 42) on weekly dupilumab versus 5 percent (2 of 39) on placebo in Part A (difference 55 percentage points, 95 percent CI 40 to 71, p less than 0.001), and 59 percent weekly versus 6 percent placebo in Part B.
Public datasets 7
RNA-seq analysis of resting and inflamed human neutrophils
Single-cell RNA sequencing of healthy and inflamed murine neutrophils
Gene expression pattern of primed human neutrophils
Single cell transcriptomics of human and mouse lung cancers reveals conserved myeloid populations across individuals and species
Bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing of human and murine eosinophils
Single-cell RNA sequencing of mouse peripheral blood neutrophils before and one day after corneal injury
small-RNA-seq of nine primary human cell types exposed in vitro to methylprednisolone
Gallery
Full gallery →History of Discovery
Claim Paul Ehrlich used aniline dyes in the late 1870s to tell the three granulocytes apart by how their granules take up acidic, basic, and neutral dyes, which gave us the names eosinophil, basophil, and neutrophil. · Confidence high
Kay AB, Microbiol Spectr 2016: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27726791/
Claim Elie Metchnikoff discovered phagocytosis by mobile cells and founded cellular immunity; he shared the 1908 Nobel Prize with Ehrlich. · Confidence high
Gordon S, Cell 2016: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27565334/
Claim Neutrophil extracellular traps were first described in 2004, adding a third killing mechanism to phagocytosis and degranulation. · Confidence high
Brinkmann V et al., Science 2004: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15001782/
Claim Leder introduced the chloroacetate esterase stain for neutrophil lineage cells and mast cells in paraffin sections in 1964. · Confidence high
Leder LD, Klin Wochenschr 1964: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14233286/
Function: How the Neutrophil Kills
Claim Neutrophils kill by phagocytosis, by releasing granule contents, and by casting out NETs. · Confidence high
Borregaard N, Immunity 2010: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21094463/
Claim The NADPH oxidase delivers electrons into the phagocytic vacuole to make superoxide; the vacuole is where microbes are killed. · Confidence high
Segal AW, Annu Rev Immunol 2005: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15771570/
Claim Myeloperoxidase from azurophilic granules turns hydrogen peroxide into hypochlorous acid and is a front-line defender against ingested microbes. · Confidence high
Klebanoff SJ et al., J Leukoc Biol 2013: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23066164/
Claim Granule compartments are released in a fixed order: secretory vesicles most easily, then gelatinase granules, then specific granules, with azurophilic granules last. · Confidence high
Faurschou M and Borregaard N, Microbes Infect 2003: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14613775/
Claim Deficiency of alpha-1 antitrypsin, the main inhibitor of neutrophil elastase, leads to emphysema. · Confidence high
Stoller JK and Aboussouan LS, Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21960536/
Claim Human neutrophils express functional Toll-like receptors that modulate their responses. · Confidence high
Hayashi F et al., Blood 2003: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12829592/
Function: Eosinophil and Basophil
Claim Eosinophils are shaped by IL-5 and eotaxin and act in helminth defense and allergic disease. · Confidence high
Rothenberg ME and Hogan SP, Annu Rev Immunol 2006: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16551246/
Claim IL-5 and its receptor are the central axis of eosinophil production and survival, and the target of anti-eosinophil therapy. · Confidence high
Kouro T and Takatsu K, Int Immunol 2009: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19819937/
Claim Eotaxin was discovered as a potent, selective eosinophil chemoattractant in allergic airway inflammation. · Confidence high
Jose PJ et al., J Exp Med 1994: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7509365/
Claim Eosinophils release granule contents by several routes, including piecemeal degranulation. · Confidence moderate
Almas S et al., Cells 2026: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42439685/
Claim Eosinophil peroxidase preferentially uses bromide to make halogenating oxidants. · Confidence high
Mayeno AN et al., J Biol Chem 1989: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2538427/
Claim Basophils and mast cells share IgE-driven degranulation but have distinct protective and pathological roles. · Confidence high
Voehringer D, Nat Rev Immunol 2013: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23558889/
Claim Basophils help initiate allergen-induced Th2 responses in mice. · Confidence moderate
Sokol CL et al., Nat Immunol 2008: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18300366/
Claim IgE bound to FcepsilonRI is cross-linked by allergen, triggering degranulation of basophils and mast cells. · Confidence high
Kraft S and Kinet JP, Nat Rev Immunol 2007: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17438574/
Claim Allergic inflammation develops through early IgE-mediated mediator release followed by late-phase and chronic responses. · Confidence high
Galli SJ et al., Nature 2008: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18650915/
Claim Basophil and mast cell granules contain and secrete histamine. · Confidence high
Dvorak AM, Prog Histochem Cytochem 1998: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10319376/
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps
Claim NETs are extracellular chromatin decorated with granule proteins that trap and kill bacteria. · Confidence high
Brinkmann V et al., Science 2004: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15001782/
Claim Neutrophil elastase and myeloperoxidase move to the nucleus and drive chromatin decondensation during NET formation. · Confidence high
Papayannopoulos V et al., J Cell Biol 2010: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20974816/
Claim PAD4 is essential for NET formation and for NET-mediated antibacterial defense in mice. · Confidence high
Li P et al., J Exp Med 2010: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20733033/
Claim Neutrophils can form NETs rapidly in response to Staphylococcus aureus by a route distinct from the slow lytic pathway. · Confidence moderate
Pilsczek FH et al., J Immunol 2010: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21098229/
Claim PAD4-dependent NETs are critical for deep vein thrombosis in mice. · Confidence high
Martinod K et al., PNAS 2013: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23650392/
Claim NETs contribute to immunothrombosis in COVID-19 ARDS. · Confidence high
Middleton EA et al., Blood 2020: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32597954/
Claim In a subset of SLE patients, serum fails to degrade NETs, and this is associated with lupus nephritis. · Confidence high
Hakkim A et al., PNAS 2010: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20439745/
Neutrophil Recruitment and Lifespan
Claim Leukocytes reach inflamed tissue through capture, rolling, slow rolling, arrest, crawling, and transmigration. · Confidence high
Ley K et al., Nat Rev Immunol 2007: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17717539/
Claim Recruitment and effector function are coordinated with resolution of inflammation. · Confidence high
Kolaczkowska E and Kubes P, Nat Rev Immunol 2013: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23435331/
Claim Deuterium labeling in healthy people gave a circulating neutrophil lifespan of 5.4 days. · Confidence moderate
Pillay J et al., Blood 2010: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20410504/
Claim Neutrophil production, circulation, tissue entry, and clearance follow kinetics that shift in disease. · Confidence high
Summers C et al., Trends Immunol 2010: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20620114/
Claim G-CSF and CXC chemokines act together to mobilize neutrophils from marrow during acute inflammation. · Confidence high
Wengner AM et al., Blood 2008: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17928531/
Claim The bone marrow both releases neutrophils and clears senescent ones. · Confidence high
Furze RC and Rankin SM, Immunology 2008: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19128361/
Claim Leukocyte adhesion deficiencies leave neutrophils unable to adhere and leave the blood, causing recurrent bacterial infection. · Confidence high
Hanna S and Etzioni A, Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22276660/
Structure and Morphology
Claim The mature neutrophil nucleus is segmented into lobes, and segmentation matters for migration and function. · Confidence moderate
van Grinsven E et al., Nat Rev Immunol 2026: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41233535/
Claim Lamin B receptor shapes the lobed granulocyte nucleus; its loss produces the Pelger-Huet anomaly. · Confidence high
Hoffmann K et al., Chromosoma 2007: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17245605/
Claim Neutrophils hold four granule compartments: azurophilic (primary), specific (secondary), gelatinase (tertiary), and secretory vesicles. · Confidence high
Borregaard N, Immunity 2010: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21094463/
Claim Defensin-rich azurophilic granules have their own secretory properties. · Confidence high
Faurschou M et al., Biochim Biophys Acta 2002: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12183052/
Claim Eosinophil granule proteins (MBP, ECP, EDN, EPO) have distinct structures and functions. · Confidence high
Acharya KR and Ackerman SJ, J Biol Chem 2014: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24802755/
Claim Classical description of eosinophil structure and function. · Confidence high
Gleich GJ and Adolphson CR, Adv Immunol 1986: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3538819/
Claim Charcot-Leyden crystals of galectin-10 promote type 2 immunity and can be dissolved by antibodies. · Confidence high
Persson EK et al., Science 2019: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31123109/
Claim Basophil and mast cell ultrastructure differ despite shared granule chemistry. · Confidence high
Dvorak AM, J Histochem Cytochem 2005: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15923353/
Claim Hypersegmented neutrophils are a blood film sign of vitamin B12 deficiency. · Confidence moderate
Stabler SP, N Engl J Med 2013: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23301732/
Claim Toxic granules on the blood film point toward sepsis. · Confidence thin
Sato S, Juntendo Med J 2025: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41255581/
Claim Cell diameters on the smear (neutrophil 10 to 12 um, eosinophil 12 to 17 um, basophil 10 to 14 um), and Dohle bodies as rough ER inclusions. · Confidence thin
Bain BJ, Blood Cells, 5th ed. 2015 (textbook, no PubMed id)
Granulopoiesis
Claim Granulocytes arise from the stem cell through myeloid progenitors that commit step by step to each lineage. · Confidence high
Iwasaki H and Akashi K, Immunity 2007: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17582345/
Claim In human marrow, granule types form in sequence as neutrophils mature from promyelocyte onward. · Confidence high
Bainton DF et al., J Exp Med 1971: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4106490/
Claim Loss of C/EBP epsilon causes neutrophil specific granule deficiency. · Confidence high
Lekstrom-Himes JA et al., J Exp Med 1999: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10359588/
Claim Eosinophil lineage committed progenitors exist in murine bone marrow. · Confidence moderate
Iwasaki H et al., J Exp Med 2005: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15955840/
Claim Deleting a GATA-binding site in the GATA-1 promoter selectively abolishes the eosinophil lineage. · Confidence high
Yu C et al., J Exp Med 2002: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12045237/
Claim Basophil and mast cell lineages pass through defined developmental checkpoints in adult mice. · Confidence moderate
Arinobu Y et al., PNAS 2005: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16330751/
Claim TSLP drives basophil production independently of IL-3 and promotes type 2 inflammation. · Confidence moderate
Siracusa MC et al., Nature 2011: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21841801/
Claim G-CSF and GM-CSF are the clinical growth factors that raise neutrophil counts. · Confidence high
Lieschke GJ and Burgess AW, N Engl J Med 1992: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1375975/
Claim Erythroblast-derived lipid mediators program neutrophil development; single study. · Confidence thin
Koenis DS et al., Blood 2026: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42520196/
The Differential and Reference Ranges
Claim The band count has limited clinical utility because of poor reproducibility between observers. · Confidence high
Cornbleet PJ, Clin Lab Med 2002: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11933571/
Claim Eosinophil disorders and hypereosinophilia are defined and classified by consensus criteria. · Confidence high
Valent P et al., World Allergy Organ J 2012: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23282419/
Claim A leukoerythroblastic blood picture has a range of causes, including marrow infiltration. · Confidence moderate
Tabares Calvache E et al., Int J Lab Hematol 2020: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32562368/
Claim Adult reference ranges: neutrophils 1.8 to 7.7, eosinophils 0.04 to 0.44, basophils 0 to 0.1 (x10^9/L); severe neutropenia below 0.5 x10^9/L. · Confidence thin
Bain BJ, Blood Cells, 5th ed. 2015 (textbook, no PubMed id)
Disorders of Granulocytes
Claim Chronic granulomatous disease is caused by defects in the phagocyte NADPH oxidase and leads to recurrent bacterial and fungal infection. · Confidence high
Holland SM, Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2013: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23351990/
Claim In CGD, residual NADPH oxidase activity predicts survival. · Confidence high
Kuhns DB et al., N Engl J Med 2010: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21190454/
Claim Hypereosinophilic syndromes are diagnosed, subtyped, and treated by a stepwise clinical approach. · Confidence high
Klion AD, Blood 2015: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25964669/
Claim The FIP1L1-PDGFRA fusion tyrosine kinase drives a form of HES and is the target of imatinib. · Confidence high
Cools J et al., N Engl J Med 2003: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12660384/
Claim Phagocyte defects cause a family of immunodeficiency diseases. · Confidence high
Lekstrom-Himes JA and Gallin JI, N Engl J Med 2000: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11106721/
Claim ELANE, HAX1, and CSF3R mutations in severe congenital neutropenia have distinct clinical implications. · Confidence high
Zeidler C et al., Br J Haematol 2009: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19120359/
Claim Inherited disorders of granulopoiesis are being reclassified by molecular mechanism. · Confidence moderate
Arreba-Tutusaus P et al., Exp Hematol 2026: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41839250/
Claim Tumors hijack emergency granulopoiesis and reprogram neutrophils. · Confidence thin
Marinescu G et al., Mol Oncol 2026: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41854302/
Claim TGF-beta polarizes tumor-associated neutrophils toward an "N2" phenotype in mice; the N1/N2 framework is contested. · Confidence moderate
Fridlender ZG et al., Cancer Cell 2009: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19732719/
Claim Basophilia is a feature of chronic myeloid leukemia. · Confidence thin
no verified citation
Medications Acting on Granulocytes
Claim G-CSF reduced fever and neutropenia after chemotherapy for small-cell lung cancer. · Confidence high
Crawford J et al., N Engl J Med 1991: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1711156/
Claim Mepolizumab (anti-IL-5) reduced exacerbations in severe eosinophilic asthma. · Confidence high
Pavord ID et al., Lancet 2012: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22901886/
Claim Mepolizumab given intravenously or subcutaneously benefited patients with severe eosinophilic asthma. · Confidence high
Ortega HG et al., N Engl J Med 2014: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25199059/
Claim Benralizumab (anti-IL-5 receptor alpha) reduced exacerbations in severe uncontrolled asthma. · Confidence high
Bleecker ER et al., Lancet 2016: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27609408/
Claim Dupilumab improved eosinophilic esophagitis in adults and adolescents. · Confidence high
Dellon ES et al., N Engl J Med 2022: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36546624/
Claim Imatinib produced molecular remission in FIP1L1-PDGFRA positive disease. · Confidence high
Klion AD et al., Blood 2004: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14504092/
Claim Glucocorticoids induce eosinophil apoptosis. · Confidence moderate
Adachi T et al., J Allergy Clin Immunol 1996: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8977529/
Claim DNase I (dornase alfa) reduced NETs and aided recovery in severe COVID-19 patients. · Confidence moderate
Fisher J et al., Mol Cell Proteomics 2021: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34139362/
Claim Aerosolized dornase alfa (DNase I) was tested against severe COVID-19 respiratory failure in a randomized controlled trial. · Confidence high
Akesson P et al., Open Forum Infect Dis 2025: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40365079/
Granulocyte Pharmacology Table
Substance G-CSF (filgrastim) · Effect Reduced incidence of febrile neutropenia after chemotherapy; shortened duration of severe neutropenia · Dose or concentration 230 ug/m2/day subcutaneous · Species Human · Method Randomized controlled trial · Confidence high
Crawford J et al., N Engl J Med 1991: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1711156/
Substance G-CSF (filgrastim) and GM-CSF · Effect Raise neutrophil counts by stimulating granulopoiesis and mobilizing cells from the marrow reserve · Dose or concentration Clinical range · Species Human · Method Review of clinical trials · Confidence high
Lieschke GJ and Burgess AW, N Engl J Med 1992: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1375975/
Substance Glucocorticoids (dexamethasone/prednisone) · Effect Delay neutrophil apoptosis in vitro; impair resolution of neutrophilic inflammation; effect modulated by hypoxia · Dose or concentration In vitro (micromolar range) · Species Human · Method Primary cell culture, flow cytometry · Confidence moderate
Marwick JA et al., J Leukoc Biol 2013: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23964116/
Substance Glucocorticoids (multiple) · Effect Overcome IL-5-driven eosinophil survival; induce eosinophil apoptosis after IL-5 stimulation · Dose or concentration In vitro · Species Guinea pig · Method Primary cell culture · Confidence moderate
Adachi T et al., J Allergy Clin Immunol 1996: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8977529/
Substance Colchicine · Effect Monosodium urate crystals activate the NALP3 inflammasome, driving neutrophil-mediated gout inflammation; colchicine inhibits tubulin and suppresses this response · Dose or concentration In vitro; clinical standard-of-care · Species Human · Method Biochemical and genetic · Confidence high
Martinon F et al., Nature 2006: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16407889/
Substance LPS (lipopolysaccharide) and fMLP · Effect LPS acts via TLR4; fMLP acts via formyl peptide receptors; both prime neutrophil superoxide burst and alter survival -- effects differ by receptor · Dose or concentration In vitro (nanomolar to micromolar) · Species Human · Method Monocyte-depleted neutrophil cultures · Confidence high
Sabroe I et al., J Immunol 2003: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12734376/
Substance IL-5 · Effect Major maturation and differentiation factor for eosinophils; promotes eosinophil survival and is the target of anti-eosinophil biologics (mepolizumab, benralizumab) · Dose or concentration Physiological (picomolar) · Species Human and mouse · Method In vitro and in vivo · Confidence high
Kouro T and Takatsu K, Int Immunol 2009: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19819937/
Substance IL-3 · Effect IL-3/IL-3R signaling regulates basophil development and activation; IL-3 induces surface receptor expression (including GITR) that modulates basophil biology · Dose or concentration Physiological · Species Human · Method Primary basophil culture · Confidence moderate
Hong L et al., Cytokine 2020: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32889153/
Substance PMA (phorbol myristate acetate) · Effect Activates neutrophils to release chromatin and granule proteins forming extracellular traps (NETs) that kill bacteria; standard in vitro NET inducer · Dose or concentration In vitro (100 nM typical) · Species Human (also in vivo) · Method Cell culture, microscopy · Confidence high
Brinkmann V et al., Science 2004: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15001782/
Substance DNase I (dornase alfa) · Effect Degrades NET-derived extracellular DNA in airways; improved proteome profile and aided recovery in severe COVID-19; inhaled dornase alfa tested in RCT for COVID-19 respiratory failure · Dose or concentration Clinical (2.5 mg inhaled twice daily) · Species Human · Method Randomized controlled trial; proteomics · Confidence moderate
Fisher J et al., Mol Cell Proteomics 2021: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34139362/
Substance Hydroxyurea · Effect Reduces absolute neutrophil count as a myelosuppressive effect in sickle cell disease patients on chronic therapy; ANC reduction occurred despite inconsistent dose escalation in children on a mean dose of 18.5 mg/kg/day · Dose or concentration 18.5 mg/kg/day mean (10-35 mg/kg/day range) · Species Human (children) · Method Retrospective longitudinal review · Confidence measured
Nnebe-Agumadu U et al., Pediatr Blood Cancer 2021: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33788390/
Substance Mepolizumab · Effect Anti-IL-5 monoclonal antibody; inhibits the IL-5 pathway, depleting blood eosinophils; one of three biologics targeting IL-5 or its receptor used in severe eosinophilic asthma; blood eosinophil count is used to assess efficacy · Dose or concentration 100 mg subcutaneous every 4 weeks (standard asthma dose) · Species Human · Method Review of clinical trials · Confidence established
Israel E et al., Lancet 2025: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41038208/
Substance Benralizumab · Effect Eosinophil-depleting monoclonal antibody targeting the interleukin-5 receptor alpha; depletes tissue and blood eosinophils in eosinophilic gastrointestinal disease as well as asthma · Dose or concentration 30 mg subcutaneous every 4 weeks (3 doses) then every 8 weeks · Species Human · Method Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial · Confidence measured
Kliewer KL et al., Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37336228/
Substance Omalizumab · Effect Anti-IgE monoclonal antibody that targets IgE and affects mast-cell and basophil function; reduced itch-severity scores in chronic idiopathic urticaria at 150 mg and 300 mg doses · Dose or concentration 75, 150, or 300 mg subcutaneous every 4 weeks · Species Human · Method Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial · Confidence measured
Maurer M et al., N Engl J Med 2013: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23432142/
Substance Plerixafor · Effect CXCR4 antagonist that blocks SDF-1 binding to its receptor; causes rapid and reversible mobilization of hematopoietic stem cells (and granulocytes) into peripheral circulation; synergistic with G-CSF for stem cell collection · Dose or concentration Clinical (0.24 mg/kg subcutaneous before apheresis) · Species Human · Method Phase 2 and 3 clinical trials (autologous transplantation) · Confidence established
Uy GL et al., Expert Opin Biol Ther 2008: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18847313/
Substance Cyclophosphamide (R-CHOP regimen) · Effect Causes chemotherapy-induced neutropenia; the hematological nadir in R-CHOP-treated patients occurs around days 8-15 after each cycle; monocyte count on day 8 predicts the severity of the nadir and guides G-CSF timing · Dose or concentration Standard R-CHOP doses · Species Human · Method Prospective observational study (100 chemotherapy courses, 33 patients) · Confidence measured
Shikata H et al., Int J Clin Oncol 2014: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23380958/
Organ and Tissue Context
Claim The human bone marrow contains a large storage pool of mature neutrophils; Dancey et al. estimated about 8.8 x 10^8 neutrophils per kg in the marrow reserve, compared with 2.3 x 10^8 per kg in the circulation. · Species Human · Confidence high
Dancey JT et al., J Clin Invest 1976: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/956397/
Claim Neutrophils are produced in the marrow, mature through myeloblast to band stages, and are released into the blood; the bone marrow reserve is large relative to the circulating and marginated pools. · Species Human · Confidence high
Borregaard N, Immunity 2010: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21094463/
Claim About half the intravascular neutrophil pool is marginated (sequestered in pulmonary capillaries and other vessels); the lung is a major holding site for neutrophils before they enter tissue. · Species Human and animal · Confidence high
Kolaczkowska E and Kubes P, Nat Rev Immunol 2013: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23435331/
Claim In the gut, neutrophils patrol the intestinal barrier and kill bacteria; in type 2 diabetes, excessive intestinal NETosis promotes gut barrier damage and systemic endotoxaemia. · Species Human and mouse · Confidence moderate
Floyd JL et al., Diabetologia 2025: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39875729/
Claim Eosinophils are abundant in the lamina propria of the gastrointestinal tract under homeostatic conditions and increase during helminth infection and allergic inflammation. · Species Human and mouse · Confidence high
Rothenberg ME and Hogan SP, Annu Rev Immunol 2006: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16551246/
Claim Eosinophils and neutrophils traffic into the skin in atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, and wound healing; neutrophils predominate acutely and eosinophils in chronic atopic inflammation. · Species Human · Confidence moderate
Kolaczkowska E and Kubes P, Nat Rev Immunol 2013: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23435331/
Key Molecules of Granulocytes
Molecule Myeloperoxidase (MPO) · Cell Neutrophil (azurophil granule) · Function Catalyzes H2O2 and chloride to form hypochlorous acid (HOCl), a potent bactericidal oxidant; released into the phagosome and extracellularly during NET formation · Species Human · Confidence high
Borregaard N, Immunity 2010: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21094463/
Molecule Neutrophil elastase (NE) · Cell Neutrophil (azurophil granule) · Function Serine protease that degrades bacterial virulence factors, cleaves extracellular matrix, and drives tissue damage in chronic inflammation; a component of NETs · Species Human · Confidence high
Borregaard N, Immunity 2010: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21094463/
Molecule Lactoferrin · Cell Neutrophil (secondary granule) · Function Iron-chelating antimicrobial protein stored in secondary granules; released upon degranulation to sequester iron and limit bacterial growth; also has anti-inflammatory roles · Species Human · Confidence high
Borregaard N, Immunity 2010: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21094463/
Molecule NADPH oxidase (NOX2, gp91phox complex) · Cell Neutrophil and all phagocytes · Function Generates superoxide anion for the respiratory burst; defects cause chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) with recurrent bacterial and fungal infections · Species Human · Confidence high
Holland SM, Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2013: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23351990/
Molecule Major basic protein (MBP) · Cell Eosinophil (crystalloid core of specific granule) · Function Highly cationic protein that kills helminths, disrupts cell membranes, and causes tissue damage; chief cytotoxic effector of the eosinophil granule · Species Human and animal · Confidence high
Gleich GJ and Adolphson CR, Adv Immunol 1986: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3538819/
Molecule FcepsilonRI (high-affinity IgE receptor) · Cell Basophil and mast cell · Function Binds IgE with high affinity; cross-linking by antigen triggers rapid degranulation with histamine, leukotrienes, and cytokine release; central mediator of allergic responses · Species Human · Confidence high
Voehringer D, Nat Rev Immunol 2013: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23558889/
Methods and Stains
Claim The chloroacetate esterase (Leder) stain marks neutrophil lineage cells and mast cells in paraffin sections. · Confidence high
Leder LD, Klin Wochenschr 1964: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14233286/
Claim Myeloperoxidase detection by immunohistochemistry, cytochemistry, and flow cytometry identifies myeloid cells. · Confidence moderate
Ahuja A et al., Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus 2018: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29622864/
Claim The basophil activation test needs careful reporting when basophils do not respond (non-releasers). · Confidence moderate
Ebo DG et al., Allergy 2026: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41914639/
Claim Model systems for neutrophil research include cell lines, animals, and stem cell derived neutrophils. · Confidence moderate
Hamdan S et al., Immunol Cell Biol 2026: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42495811/
Claim Wright-Giemsa and H&E morphology, toluidine blue metachromasia, and the DHR assay for CGD. · Confidence thin
Bain BJ, Blood Cells, 5th ed. 2015 (textbook, no PubMed id)
Classic Papers
Paper Leder 1964 · Why it matters Chloroacetate esterase stain for neutrophils and mast cells
Paper Bainton et al. 1971 · Why it matters Granule formation during human neutrophil maturation
Paper Gleich and Adolphson 1986 · Why it matters Eosinophil structure and function
Paper Crawford et al. 1991 · Why it matters G-CSF against chemotherapy neutropenia
Paper Jose et al. 1994 · Why it matters Discovery of eotaxin
Paper Cools et al. 2003 · Why it matters FIP1L1-PDGFRA and imatinib in HES
Paper Brinkmann et al. 2004 · Why it matters First description of NETs
Paper Segal 2005 · Why it matters How neutrophils kill microbes
Paper Rothenberg and Hogan 2006 · Why it matters The eosinophil
Paper Ley et al. 2007 · Why it matters The leukocyte adhesion cascade
Paper Borregaard 2010 · Why it matters Neutrophils, from marrow to microbes
Paper Pillay et al. 2010 · Why it matters Neutrophil lifespan of 5.4 days
Paper Papayannopoulos et al. 2010 · Why it matters Elastase and MPO in NET formation
Paper Li et al. 2010 · Why it matters PAD4 is essential for NETs
Paper Hakkim et al. 2010 · Why it matters NET degradation and lupus nephritis
Paper Kolaczkowska and Kubes 2013 · Why it matters Neutrophil recruitment and function
Paper Martinod et al. 2013 · Why it matters PAD4 and deep vein thrombosis
Paper Persson et al. 2019 · Why it matters Charcot-Leyden crystals drive type 2 immunity
Paper Middleton et al. 2020 · Why it matters NETs in COVID-19 immunothrombosis
Recent Findings (Web Scan 2026-09-09)
Claim NETs act across tumor types in cancer progression. · Confidence high
Shahzad et al., Nat Rev Cancer 2025: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41568-025-00888-7
Claim NETs drive sepsis-induced coagulopathy. · Confidence moderate
Hu J et al., Mol Med Rep 2026: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42099249/
Claim NETs are a central player across liver diseases. · Confidence moderate
Wang H et al., Hepatol Commun 2026: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42190269/
Claim NETs are implicated in central nervous system disease; human mechanistic evidence is thin. · Confidence thin
Zhu J et al., Curr Neuropharmacol 2026: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41133829/
Claim NETs are a potential therapeutic target in inflammatory bowel disease (systematic review and meta-analysis). · Confidence moderate
Frontiers in Immunology 2026: https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1935261/abstract
Claim NETs drive gastrointestinal cancer; single review. · Confidence thin
Zhou et al., Front Immunol 2026: https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1793013/full
Claim Single-cell transcriptomics maps granulocytes in asthma and atopic disease. · Confidence thin
Hogan et al., Front Mol Biosci 2026: https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/molecular-biosciences/articles/10.3389/fmolb.2026.1739145/full
Recent Findings (Web Scan 2026-09-10)
Claim NETs span the course of coronary heart disease, from atherosclerosis to reperfusion injury. · Confidence moderate
Hu J et al., J Pathol 2026: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42703890/
Claim NETs play context-dependent roles in colorectal cancer, from inflammatory carcinogenesis to liver metastasis. · Confidence moderate
Xu D et al., J Transl Med 2026: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42687197/
Claim Chemotherapy can reawaken dormant pancreatic cancer cells in the liver through NETs induced by senescent hepatocytes; one study. · Confidence thin
Shi S et al., Cancer Res 2026: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42696464/
Claim Sustained NETs cause fracture nonunion; one study. · Confidence thin
Xie W et al., Sci Transl Med 2026: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42685150/
Claim Clearing NETs in sequence is proposed as precision therapy for sepsis; preclinical. · Confidence thin
Wang N et al., Sci Adv 2026: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42685208/
Claim Mitochondrial reprogramming is proposed to shape NETs in COPD and asthma. · Confidence thin
Xu P et al., Front Immunol 2026: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42694611/
Claim Eosinophils split into distinct subsets by single-cell and spatial transcriptomics in a mouse model of virus-exacerbated allergic asthma. · Confidence thin
Veltri AJ et al., J Leukoc Biol 2026: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42707006/
Claim The accepted "normal" blood eosinophil range is being questioned; editorial. · Confidence thin
Gupta P et al., Eur Respir J 2026: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42710916/
Claim A PRKG2::PDGFRA fusion myeloid neoplasm with basophilia remitted completely on imatinib; single case, consistent with PDGFRA fusions as imatinib targets. · Confidence thin
Maddox KA et al., Acta Haematol 2026: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700436/
Claim Mepolizumab was tested against mucus plugs in severe eosinophilic asthma with and without bronchiectasis; pilot study. · Confidence thin
Campisi R et al., ERJ Open Res 2026: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42707946/
Recent Findings (Web Scan 2026-09-11)
Claim Elevated neutrophil count is a causal risk factor for endometriosis by Mendelian randomization; replication needed. · Confidence thin
Li M et al., Int J Womens Health 2026: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42724615/
Claim NETs drive fibroblast activation and collagen deposition in pulmonary fibrosis. · Confidence moderate
Chen Z et al., Int Immunopharmacol 2026: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42721508/
Claim The S1P-TREM2 axis protects immunosuppressive tumor-associated neutrophils from ferroptosis, promoting hepatocellular carcinoma progression. · Confidence moderate
Ma J et al., Gut 2026: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42705697/
Claim Tozorakimab (anti-IL-33) prevented COPD exacerbations in a NEJM trial; IL-33 drives both eosinophilic and neutrophilic airway inflammation. · Confidence moderate
Sciurba FC et al., N Engl J Med 2026: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42708515/
Claim Viral-pattern-activated nasal fibroblasts secrete chemokines that recruit eosinophils in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. · Confidence moderate
Shin C et al., Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2026: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42716477/
Claim Baseline blood eosinophil count and nasal polyp comorbidity predict response to anti-IL-5 biologics in severe eosinophilic asthma. · Confidence moderate
Harman E et al., J Asthma 2026: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42723568/
Claim Monomeric hapten terminates IgE-triggered calcium entry in basophil-like cells by breaking the STIM1-Orai1 complex; early mechanistic data. · Confidence thin
Suzuki R et al., Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2026: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42700582/
Recent Findings (PubMed Scan 2026-10-10)
Claim Not Just Th2: Eosinophil-Associated Proteomic Networks Reveal Fundamental Differences Between COPD and Asthma · Confidence thin
Allergy 2026: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42856088/ PMID: 42856088
Claim Switching from mepolizumab to benralizumab in eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) · Confidence thin
Chest 2026: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42855125/ PMID: 42855125
Claim Dupilumab improves long-term asthma control in German patients with severe asthma: Real-world data · Confidence thin
Allergol Select 2026: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42851795/ PMID: 42851795
Claim [Comparative analysis of clinicopathological features of allergic fungal rhinosinusitis and eosinophilic mucin rhinosinu · Confidence thin
Zhonghua Bing Li Xue Za Zhi 2026: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42851198/ PMID: 42851198
Claim Sensitisation to Common Environmental Respiratory Allergens in Karachi · Confidence thin
J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 2026: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42851098/ PMID: 42851098
Claim Algorithms in Allergy: Diagnosis of Hypereosinophilic Syndromes, 2026 Update · Confidence thin
Allergy 2026: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42850772/ PMID: 42850772
Claim Correlation of Serum and Tissue Eosinophils and Immunoglobulin E with Disease Severity in Bullous Pemphigoid: A Prospect · Confidence thin
Indian Dermatol Online J 2026: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42849025/ PMID: 42849025
Claim Parasite-Derived IL-33 Inhibitors Prevent Bleomycin-Induced Lung Fibrosis · Confidence thin
Eur J Immunol 2026: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42847444/ PMID: 42847444
Claim From nasal cytology to cellular endotyping: mast cell-eosinophil interactions and overlapping inflammation in allergic r · Confidence thin
Front Immunol 2026: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42846755/ PMID: 42846755
Claim Severe steroid-refractory immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated pneumonitis and exploration of potential biomarkers: A · Confidence thin
Exp Ther Med 2026: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42846651/ PMID: 42846651
Claim Comparative clinical efficacy and immunological modulation of subcutaneous vs · Confidence thin
Front Med (Lausanne) 2026: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42845800/ PMID: 42845800
Claim Elevated plasma eosinophil-derived neurotoxin is associated with echocardiographic pulmonary vascular involvement in sta · Confidence thin
Front Med (Lausanne) 2026: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42845784/ PMID: 42845784
Claim A Peripheral Blood Circular Ribonucleic Acid-Based Nomogram for Risk Stratification in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia · Confidence thin
Clin Lab 2026: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42847935/ PMID: 42847935
Claim T cells in chronic spontaneous urticaria show skin-migratory capacity and endotype-specific differences · Confidence thin
Allergol Int 2026: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42844089/ PMID: 42844089
Claim IL-18-associated basophil and mast cell activation in sepsis · Confidence thin
Inflamm Res 2026: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42839034/ PMID: 42839034
Claim Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria Endotypes: Exploratory Proteomic Analysis in the Benralizumab ARROYO Study · Confidence thin
Clin Exp Allergy 2026: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42836400/ PMID: 42836400
Claim Optimized In-House Basophil Activation Test for Pediatric Egg Allergy: Agreement with a Structured Composite Clinical Cl · Confidence thin
J Asthma Allergy 2026: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42836083/ PMID: 42836083
Claim Predictive value of the albumin-bilirubin score for all-cause mortality in individuals with stroke: machine learning pre · Confidence thin
J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2026: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42822713/ PMID: 42822713
Claim Under the Drapes: Unmasking the Mechanisms and Clinical Diagnosis of Perioperative Hypersensitivity · Confidence thin
Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2026: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42821016/ PMID: 42821016
Claim Bioassays in Allergy: Technical Characteristics, Limitations, and Pathways to Clinical Implementation-An EAACI Position · Confidence thin
Clin Transl Allergy 2026: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42814890/ PMID: 42814890
Claim In vitro diagnostics of drug hypersensitivity reactions · Confidence thin
Allergol Select 2026: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42812650/ PMID: 42812650
Claim Immune-mediated drug reaction to indocyanine green: a red light for a green dye · Confidence thin
Eur Ann Allergy Clin Immunol 2026: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42808825/ PMID: 42808825
Claim Vespula spp · Confidence thin
Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol 2026: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42806388/ PMID: 42806388
Claim Hypersensitivity Reactions to Biologics: Advances in Diagnosis and Management · Confidence thin
Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2026: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42804013/ PMID: 42804013
Claim Secondary pulmonary alveolar proteinosis mimicking progression of interstitial lung disease during treatment for adult-o · Confidence thin
Medicine (Baltimore) 2026: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42854068/ PMID: 42854068
Claim Loss of Tars induces proteostasis stress and drives HSPC exhaustion through mTORC1 activation · Confidence thin
Acta Pharmacol Sin 2026: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42844293/ PMID: 42844293
Claim Immune responses induced by a subunit vaccine against Mycoplasma gallisepticum · Confidence thin
Infect Immun 2026: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42841775/ PMID: 42841775
Claim Febrile neutropenia in adults with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma receiving first-line R-CHOP-based therapy: a systematic · Confidence thin
Support Care Cancer 2026: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42839187/ PMID: 42839187
Claim Case Report: PRaG 3.0 therapy for advanced cervical cancer with severe comorbidities · Confidence thin
Front Oncol 2026: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42819108/ PMID: 42819108
Claim CIDER: detecting changes in gene regulatory networks that are associated with changes in phenotype · Confidence thin
bioRxiv 2026: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42818338/ PMID: 42818338
Claim Clinical outcome and infectious complications in genetic and suspected genetic neutropenia: A report from the Canadian I · Confidence thin
Br J Haematol 2026: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42817075/ PMID: 42817075
Claim Neutrophil recovery characteristics in patients with severe antithyroid drug-induced agranulocytosis: A 12-year retrospe · Confidence thin
Endocrine 2026: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42803895/ PMID: 42803895
Claim Case Report: Life-threatening neutropenia with absolute neutrophil count of zero after low-dose regional arterial infusi · Confidence thin
Front Oncol 2026: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42798404/ PMID: 42798404
Claim Development and temporal validation of preoperative and combined preoperative-pathological models for lymph node metasta · Confidence thin
Front Oncol 2026: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42798381/ PMID: 42798381
Claim A case report on the management of sepsis complicated by eroded mixed hemorrhoids following breast cancer chemotherapy · Confidence thin
Medicine (Baltimore) 2026: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42798126/ PMID: 42798126
Claim Atypical Bullous Sweet Syndrome · Confidence thin
R I Med J (2013) 2026: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42789806/ PMID: 42789806
Claim ZDHHC5-mediated S-palmitoylation of NOD2 drives neutrophil extracellular trap formation via mitophagy to exacerbate infl · Confidence thin
Biomark Res 2026: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42855724/ PMID: 42855724
Claim Effects and mechanism of CYBB on the progression of multiple sclerosis: Evidence from bioinformatic analysis and experim · Confidence thin
Gene 2026: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42855088/ PMID: 42855088
Claim Cytochrome P450 1A Protects against Hyperbaric Oxygen-Induced Lung Injury by Regulating Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Fo · Confidence thin
Chem Biol Interact 2026: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42854941/ PMID: 42854941
Claim Histone neutralization protects the ischemic brain against the consequences of stroke-associated pneumonia · Confidence thin
Acta Neuropathol 2026: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42853458/ PMID: 42853458
Latest 8
Association of Neutrophil Percentage-to-Albumin Ratio (NPAR) With Pathological Features and Long-Term Prognosis in Diabetic Kidney Disease: A Cohort Study
Growing evidence highlights the central role of inflammation in the onset and progression of DKD. In this study, we investigate the association between the neutrophil percentage-to-albumin ratio.
Not Just Th2: Eosinophil-Associated Proteomic Networks Reveal Fundamental Differences Between COPD a
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Associations of Serum CIRP and CXCL5 With Prognosis and Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Pediatric Mycoplasma pneumoniae Pneumonia
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Updates in COPD Management: From Inflammatory Pathways to Targeted Therapies
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Deubiquitinase USP48 promotes gastric cancer peritoneal metastasis by stabilizing S100A9 to induce NETs.
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Fibrinoid-associated neutrophils promote invasive placentation and neutrophil reprogramming at the maternal-fetal interface
Successful early pregnancy depends on coordinated interactions between the placenta and maternal immune cells, but the mechanisms underlying this interplay remain incompletely understood..
Neutrophil extracellular traps in cardiovascular disease: Mechanisms and therapeutic implications (Review)
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are web‑like structures composed of decondensed chromatin and granular proteins. Initially identified as an antimicrobial defense mechanism, NETs have now.
Association of immune-inflammatory markers with chronic kidney disease in older adults with obesity: a large-scale cross-sectional study
Obesity is a major independent risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD). Population-level evidence linking immune dysregulation to CKD in obese individuals remains limited. In this.